{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T01:09:32Z","timestamp":1791940172904,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Toronto Faculty Association Research Fund","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent investigations have questioned whether the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) distinguishes alexithymia from general psychological distress, with some researchers positioning the Perth Alexithymia Questionnaire (PAQ) as demonstrating superior discriminant validity. We evaluated both instruments in a community sample enriched with participants having psychiatric diagnoses or a treatment history (N = 681). Participants completed the TAS-20, PAQ, and Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21). Both alexithymia measures showed moderate correlations with the DASS-21, suggesting related but distinct constructs. Item-level exploratory factor analysis revealed a factor separation between general emotional dysfunction and distress, with no meaningful cross-loadings for TAS-20 Difficulty Identifying Feelings (DIF) items. At the subscale level, a two-factor solution supported distinct general emotional dysfunction and distress factors. In contrast to two recent investigations, the TAS-20 DIF subscale loaded exclusively on a general emotional dysfunction factor with negligible loading on a distress factor. These findings demonstrate that neither the TAS-20 nor the PAQ is compromised by distress, challenging recent claims of TAS-20 discriminant validity problems and underscoring the importance of replication across diverse samples and analytic methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs16030339","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T14:55:01Z","timestamp":1772463301000},"page":"339","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Discriminant Validity of the 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale and the Perth Alexithymia Questionnaire in Relation to Psychological Distress"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"R. Michael","family":"Bagby","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ardeshir","family":"Mortezaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, D\u2019Youville University, Buffalo, NY 14201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharlane C. L.","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4896-093X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheyenne S.","family":"McIntyre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Science, Ball State University, Muncie, IN 47306, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5207-9893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Graeme J.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2009.11.004","article-title":"Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review","volume":"30","author":"Aldao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.10.2.176","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales in clinical groups and a community sample","volume":"10","author":"Antony","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychological Assessment"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3182(96)71533-5","article-title":"Independency of alexithymia and somatization: A factor analytic study","volume":"37","author":"Bach","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-6185(02)00201-3","article-title":"Theoretical and empirical exploration of the similarities between emotional numbing in posttraumatic stress disorder and alexithymia","volume":"17","author":"Badura","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Anxiety Disorders"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bagby, R. 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