{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T16:15:58Z","timestamp":1772468158681,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"OE (Ministry of Education in China) Project of Humanities and Social Sciences","award":["22YJC760044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22YJC760044"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Virtual agents powered by large language models are increasingly deployed in digital mental health services, yet the influence of avatar appearance on users\u2019 emotional, cognitive, and physiological responses remains insufficiently understood. This study was conducted between March and April 2024 and examined how three avatar designs\u2014animal-like, human-like, and object-like\u2014shape affective experience, user evaluation, autonomic activity, and attentional allocation during virtual doctor interactions. Forty-two participants completed a within-subjects experiment involving self-reported affect ratings, multidimensional user-experience assessments, heart rate variability (HRV) measures, and eye-tracking indicators. The avatar type did not yield statistically significant differences in changes in positive or negative affect across conditions. However, physiological data revealed clear divergences. The animal-like avatar elicited the strongest parasympathetic activation, reflected by significant increases in the root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD) and high-frequency (HF) power, whereas the object-like avatar produced a sympathetic-dominant response. Across six user-experience dimensions, the animal-like avatar consistently received the highest evaluations. Eye-tracking results showed faster first fixation and a longer face-directed fixation duration for the animal-like avatar, indicating stronger social attention. The human-like avatar demonstrated slightly delayed initial fixation, consistent with subtle yet nonsignificant uncanny-valley tendencies. These findings underscore the critical role of avatar visual design in shaping emotional safety, engagement, and social processing in virtual mental-health interactions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs16030349","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T14:55:01Z","timestamp":1772463301000},"page":"349","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Human-like, Animal-like, or Object-like? The Impact of LLM-Based Virtual Doctor Avatar Design on User Emotion, Physiology, and Experience"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3998-9464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Han","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Intelligent Design, Platform at the Intersection of Art and Technology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shiyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intelligent Design, Platform at the Intersection of Art and Technology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intelligent Design, Platform at the Intersection of Art and Technology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-024-01160-y","article-title":"Human\u2013robot companionship: Current trends and future agenda","volume":"16","author":"Ahmed","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Social Robotics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Artemiou, E., Hutchison, P., Machado, M., Ellis, D., Bradtke, J., Pereira, M. 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