{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T16:29:37Z","timestamp":1787243377709,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":389,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777161600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Contemporary problems ranging from allergies, myopia, and obesity to chronic anxiety, loneliness, and ultralow fertility can be understood as consequences of evolutionary mismatch intensified by the polycrisis, in which accelerating technological and socioeconomic changes push human adaptations beyond what they evolved to handle. We sought to provide a conceptual review that maps these problems to adaptive needs that are disrupted in highly modernized environments. We then introduce the social evolutionary mismatch and competition hypothesis, which proposes that social aspects of evolutionary mismatch\u2014e.g., increasing population sizes, fragmented communities, rising socioeconomic inequality, constant exposure to inflated social status cues\u2014have a distinct effect of heightening both real and perceived competition. In turn, this perspective can help us make sense of predictable variation in psychosocial outcomes, including obsessive status pursuit, hostility, and social withdrawal. Finally, we outline strategies to lessen the impact of these dynamics by reducing sources of evolutionary mismatch. In sum, we contribute (1) an exposition of how the polycrisis exacerbates evolutionary mismatch and the adaptive needs that are impacted, (2) a theoretical advance identifying mismatch-driven competition as a predictor of multiple problematic outcomes, and (3) a translational framework showing how evolutionary insights can inform interventions to promote well-being in a time of profound societal strain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs16050650","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T10:34:42Z","timestamp":1777458882000},"page":"650","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evolutionary Mismatch, Stress, and Competition: Making Sense of Psychosocial Problems in the Polycrisis Era"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6413-2016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose C.","family":"Yong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social and Health Sciences, James Cook University, Singapore 387380, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6454-2472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy J.","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, College of Health and Education, Murdoch University, Singapore 188721, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2086-4952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edison","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social and Health Sciences, James Cook University, Singapore 387380, Singapore"},{"name":"School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, Singapore 179873, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0804-8239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah H. M.","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lee Kuan Yew Centre for Innovative Cities, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"107","article-title":"Epidemiology of type 2 diabetes: Global burden of disease and forecasted trends","volume":"10","author":"Hashim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1353\/pbm.2011.0020","article-title":"A reformulation of the social brain theory for schizophrenia: The case for out-group intolerance","volume":"54","author":"Abed","year":"2011","journal-title":"Perspectives in Biology and Medicine"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2018.12.008","article-title":"Outcomes of healthy eating ad campaigns: A systematic review","volume":"62","author":"Abril","year":"2019","journal-title":"Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"114","article-title":"Presage biology: Lessons from nature in weather forecasting","volume":"10","author":"Acharya","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"647","article-title":"Internalizing\/externalizing problems: Review and recommendations for clinical and research applications","volume":"55","author":"Achenbach","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2008.12.008","article-title":"A pox on the mind: Disjunction of attention and memory in the processing of physical disfigurement","volume":"45","author":"Ackerman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s00148-003-0166-x","article-title":"Changing fertility rates in developed countries: The impact of labor market institutions","volume":"17","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Population Economics"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s10611-025-10233-6","article-title":"Deadly tensions: The enduring impact of ethnic and religious diversity on lethal violence in the United States 1945\u20132023","volume":"83","author":"Amin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Crime, Law and Social Change"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2727","DOI":"10.1007\/s12119-025-10389-2","article-title":"Making money on OnlyFans? 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