{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T16:54:21Z","timestamp":1785430461452,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Federal Ministry of Education and Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["01GL1745B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01GL1745B"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["01GL1745B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01GL1745B"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04pz7b180","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003042","name":"Else Kr\u00f6ner-Fresenius-Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019_A45"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019_A45"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003042","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2019_A45"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019_A45"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03zcxha54","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007947","name":"Universit\u00e4tsbund Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007947","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) is a major preventable cause of neurodevelopmental impairment. Little is known about its impact on real-life child\/adolescent academic outcomes, which are key functional indicators of long-term social participation. Methods: PAE was assessed in a sample of 156 participants via (1) meconium ethyl glucuronide (EtG) concentration (\u226510 ng\/g; EtG-positive, n = 36) and (2) third-trimester maternal self-report (SR-positive, n = 40). At primary school (6\u201310 years, t1) and secondary school ages (12\u201314 years, t2), exposed and non-exposed children were compared regarding primary school grades (t1) and secondary track placement (t2). Results: At t1, EtG-positive children exhibited lower school report grades by trend (n = 15, p = 0.068\u20130.085) with a moderate effect size (r = 0.36\u20130.39). SR-positive children demonstrated significantly lower school report grades (n = 15, p = 0.016) with strong effect (r = 0.56). At t2, both exposure groups had increased trend-significant odds of attending lower educational tracks (EtG-positive\/-negative: n = 153, OR = 1.84, p = 0.059; SR-positive\/-negative: n = 153, OR = 1.78, p = 0.066). Conclusions: PAE is associated with reduced real-life academic outcomes across development. School performance represents a sensitive functional outcome of neurodevelopmental vulnerability following PAE. Meconium EtG may contribute to postnatal identification of affected children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs16050715","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T12:15:07Z","timestamp":1778156107000},"page":"715","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prenatal Alcohol Exposure Predicts Academic Outcomes from Childhood to Adolescence: A Prospective Longitudinal Study Based on Meconium Ethyl Glucuronide"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Stefan","family":"Mestermann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maike","family":"Broich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4885-8471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter A.","family":"Fasching","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias W.","family":"Beckmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Kratz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonas","family":"Hemetsberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2506-710X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maximilian","family":"Bailer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernd","family":"Lenz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159 Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8096-3987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes","family":"Kornhuber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5584-0961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Eichler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"the IMAC-Mind-Consortium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alati, R., Davey Smith, G., Lewis, S. 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