{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T13:07:31Z","timestamp":1779455251346,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012456","name":"National Social Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22BSH053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22BSH053"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012456","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Smoking behavior (SB) remains a critical public health challenge in China, yet evidence on its longitudinal associations with multidimensional well-being remains limited. This study examines the relationship between smoking and three dimensions of well-being\u2014depression, self-rated health, and happiness\u2014using three recent waves of the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS; 2018, 2020, 2022) with 61,127 observations from 32,329 individuals. Growth curve modeling was employed to assess whether smoking is associated with well-being and whether these associations vary by gender and birth cohort. Three main findings emerge. First, smoking is positively associated with depressive symptoms (\u03b2 = 0.210, p &lt; 0.001) and self-rated health (\u03b2 = 0.085, p &lt; 0.001), but shows no significant association with happiness. Second, gender significantly moderates the relationship between smoking and well-being. The association between smoking and depressive symptoms is stronger among women, while gender differences are less pronounced for happiness. Third, cohort differences reveal substantial variation in the smoking-well-being relationship. For depression, smoking is associated with lower levels of depressive symptoms among older cohorts, but this association reverses among younger cohorts, as indicated by a significant smoking \u00d7 cohort interaction (\u03b2 = 0.230, p &lt; 0.001). For self-rated health, the positive association between smoking and perceived health weakens across successive cohorts (\u03b2 = \u22120.029, p &lt; 0.001). No significant cohort variation is observed for happiness. These findings highlight that the relationship between smoking and well-being is shaped by gender norms and generational change. The results underscore the importance of gender-sensitive and cohort-specific tobacco control strategies, particularly in addressing the vulnerabilities of women and younger populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs16050755","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T12:14:52Z","timestamp":1779452092000},"page":"755","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Smoking and Multidimensional Well-Being: Gender and Cohort Differences in China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7576-9155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aqsa","family":"Nadeem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology and Psychology, School of Public Administration, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6798-7861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology and Psychology, School of Public Administration, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1484-6635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaohe","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology and Demography, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingyi","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology and Psychology, School of Public Administration, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2025.108040","article-title":"Self-rated health by time since smoking cessation","volume":"69","author":"Adebisi","year":"2025","journal-title":"American Journal of Preventive Medicine"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahamed, N. 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