{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T17:53:07Z","timestamp":1785433987388,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ASHOKA UNIVERSITY"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02j1xr113","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Domestic Violence affects 1 in 3 women worldwide. Empirical evidence from India suggests that women and girls experience a continuum of violence and discrimination from prenatal stages till death in families that largely continue to operate within a dominantly patriarchal framework. However, the literature on domestic violence in India suffers from problems pertaining to reductive and episodic framing, focusing on short-term prevalence, and frames the impact on survivors largely in terms of clinical constructs such as anxiety, depression, and PTSD. This work argues for a broader, thematic framing of domestic and familial violence and contends that the psychological sequelae of this kind of chronic and systemic discrimination and violence cannot be captured using rigid clinical constructs that dominate psychological literature. We propose a conceptual framework, i.e., SPECTRA (Socially and Psychologically Embedded Continuous Trauma in Relational Architecture), which is partially aligned with the propositions of complex trauma. However, we also critique the origin of complex trauma within hegemonic psychiatry and highlight the need for creating a culturally adapted expansion\u2014to shift the emphasis from an individually rooted, diagnostic framework to a culturally contextualized continuous trauma framework. We utilize seven illustrative case studies to define the tenets of the SPECTRA model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs16050814","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T05:33:54Z","timestamp":1779687234000},"page":"814","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["SPECTRA: A Conceptual Framework to Bridge Praxis and Remap Relational Violence in India Using a Complex Trauma Lens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5198-4815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maitrayee","family":"Sen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Ashoka University, Sonipat 131029, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3936-5647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Snigdhaa","family":"Rajvanshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Ashoka University, Sonipat 131029, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7438-3049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stuti","family":"Khandelwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Ashoka University, Sonipat 131029, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0791-7255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simantini","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Ashoka University, Sonipat 131029, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1108\/JACPR-09-2023-0827","article-title":"Why do they decide to stay? 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