{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T16:37:46Z","timestamp":1792427866200,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000836","name":"University of Liverpool","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000836","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04xs57h96","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Previous research has shown that both victim intoxication and narrative framing can influence the levels of victim blame. However, far less attention has been paid to how coercive strategy and narrative framing may interact to shape victim-blaming judgements and perceptions of sexual assault. The present study addresses this gap by examining how combinations of coercive strategies (physical force versus alcohol facilitated), narrative framing (active versus passive), and rape myth acceptance (RMA) influence victim blame and the recognition of sexual assault. Participant gender and age were also assessed in relation to RMA and victim-blaming attitudes. A total of 202 participants aged 18\u201363 (78.7% of women, 21.3% of men, MAge = 28.93, SD = 14.36) completed an online survey evaluating vignettes depicting a male perpetrator sexually assaulting a female victim. Age significantly predicted victim blaming, with older participants assigning greater blame to the victim. Gender predicted both RMA and victim blame, with men reporting higher RMA and greater victim blame than women. Active framing in both the physical force and alcohol-use conditions reduced participants\u2019 recognition of the incident as sexual assault. Participants with lower RMA consistently reported lower victim blame across conditions, and were more likely to identify the incident as sexual assault in the physical force condition. These findings highlight the influence of coercive strategies and the importance of victim-centred language in policing, legal, and media contexts, where narrative framing can meaningfully shape the recognition of sexual assault.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs16061039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T09:49:55Z","timestamp":1782121795000},"page":"1039","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Shifting the Blame: How Narrative Framing, Coercive Strategies, and Rape Myth Acceptance Distort Perceptions of Sexual Assault and Fuel Victim Blame"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7747-6547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pantxika Victoire","family":"Morlat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6317-4038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Limniou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isobel","family":"Phelps","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurence","family":"Alison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838014521031","article-title":"Review of survey and experimental research that examines the relationship between alcohol consumption and men\u2019s sexual aggression perpetration","volume":"15","author":"Abbey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trauma, Violence & Abuse"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-1789(03)00011-9","article-title":"Sexual assault and alcohol consumption: What do we know about their relationship and what types of research are still needed?","volume":"9","author":"Abbey","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aggression and Violent Behavior"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Abdi, H. 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