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We conducted hierarchical multiple regression analysis using national data collected from 8th-and 10th-grade students in 2024 (N = 1636), as a part of the Monitoring the Future research study that has collected longitudinal data since 1975. The results of hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated that intrapersonal traits, including academic achievement, happiness, and future readiness, were significantly associated with positive\/negative self-esteem in secondary school students. In addition, in terms of multi-layered environmental factors, we found that parental academic support was significantly associated with positive self-esteem in secondary school students, whereas school counseling support was significantly associated with negative self-esteem. The findings of this study provide empirical evidence on adolescents\u2019 self-esteem development, grounded in ecological frameworks proposed in the fields of education and school counseling. Implications and recommendations for counseling researchers and school personnel are provided.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs16071132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T13:43:14Z","timestamp":1783345394000},"page":"1132","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Relationship Between Multi-Layered Ecological Support, Intrapersonal Traits, and Secondary School Students\u2019 Self-Esteem"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Byeolbee","family":"Um","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Educational Psychology, The University of Oklahoma, 820 Van Vleet Oval, Norman, OK 73019, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4510-6290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerta","family":"Bardhoshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Counselor Education, The University of Iowa, 210 Lindquist Center, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0044-4683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jihyeon","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seoul Metropolitan Office of Education, 27, Duteopbawi-ro, Yongsan-gu, Seoul 04335, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Holloway, F. 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