{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T10:00:30Z","timestamp":1785405630395,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key Project of Higher Education Scientific Research Plan of China Association for Higher Education","award":["23GG0302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23GG0302"]}]},{"name":"Suqian University","award":["2023XGJ002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023XGJ002"]}]},{"award":["2023XGJ002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023XGJ002"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00f93gn72","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"14th Five-Year Plan Project of Educational Science Research in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region: Research on the Reconsideration of College Students\u2019 Life Education in the Post-pandemic Era","award":["NGJGH22022434"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NGJGH22022434"]}]},{"name":"High-level Introduction Project of Inner Mongolia Normal University: Research on the Moral and Value Education of College Students in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","award":["2020YJRC024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YJRC024"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2021110839"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021110839"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002338","name":"General Project of the Humanities and Social Sciences Research of the Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24XJC880002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24XJC880002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002338","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011994","name":"Shanghai International Studies University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024DSYL010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024DSYL010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011994","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011994","name":"Shanghai International Studies University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23ZD010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23ZD010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011994","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2024DSYL010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024DSYL010"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01bn89z48","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["23ZD010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23ZD010"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01bn89z48","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behav. Sci.","Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dispositional greed is often treated as a maladaptive trait, but its links to life satisfaction, presence of meaning, search for meaning, and psychological richness, from a person-centered approach, remain underexplored. We measured these constructs in 586 Chinese university students, then used correlation analysis, latent profile analysis (LPA), and the Bolck\u2013Croon\u2013Hagenaars (BCH) method to test associations and profile differences. Greed correlated positively with all four indicators. LPA yielded three profiles: Low-Greed (6.7%), Average-Greed (84.0%), and High-Greed (9.4%). BCH analyses showed significant differences in psychological richness, presence of meaning, and search for meaning. The effect on life satisfaction was marginal. The Low-Greed profile scored lower than the other two profiles on psychological richness and search for meaning; the High-Greed profile also exceeded the Average-Greed profile on search for meaning. These results suggest that greed is not uniformly detrimental. Its links to well-being are graded: strongest for search for meaning and psychological richness, weakest for life satisfaction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs16081286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T11:45:26Z","timestamp":1785239126000},"page":"1286","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["How Do Profiles of Greed Map onto Multifaceted Well-Being?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Multilingual Education with AI, School of Education, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai 201620, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongdong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Teacher Education, Suqian University, Suqian 223800, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Dang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Education, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3837-3841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chenggang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Multilingual Education with AI, School of Education, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai 201620, China"},{"name":"Institute of Language Sciences, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai 200083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2014.915181","article-title":"Auxiliary variables in mixture modeling: Three-step approaches using M plus","volume":"21","author":"Asparouhov","year":"2014a","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Auxiliary variables in mixture modeling: Using the BCH method in Mplus to estimate a distal outcome model and an arbitrary secondary model","volume":"21","author":"Asparouhov","year":"2014b","journal-title":"Mplus Web Notes"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02723327","article-title":"On the evaluation of structural equation models","volume":"16","author":"Bagozzi","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1111\/bmsp.12227","article-title":"Relating latent class membership to external variables: An overview","volume":"74","author":"Bakk","year":"2021","journal-title":"British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1093\/pan\/mpu003","article-title":"Relating latent class assignments to external variables: Standard errors for correct inference","volume":"22","author":"Bakk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Political Analysis"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1177\/0081175012470644","article-title":"Estimating the association between latent class membership and external variables using bias-adjusted three-step approaches","volume":"43","author":"Bakk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sociological Methodology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2014.955104","article-title":"Robustness of stepwise latent class modeling with continuous distal outcomes","volume":"23","author":"Bakk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1093\/pan\/mph001","article-title":"Estimating latent structure models with categorical variables: One-step versus three-step estimators","volume":"12","author":"Bolck","year":"2004","journal-title":"Political Analysis"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01246098","article-title":"An entropy criterion for assessing the number of clusters in a mixture model","volume":"13","author":"Celeux","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Classification"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.124.2.197","article-title":"The happy personality: A meta-analysis of 137 personality traits and subjective well-being","volume":"124","author":"DeNeve","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa4901_13","article-title":"The satisfaction with life scale","volume":"49","author":"Diener","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of Personality Assessment"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000209","article-title":"Different types of well-being? A cross-cultural examination of hedonic and eudaimonic well-being","volume":"28","author":"Disabato","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychological Assessment"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.72.1.218","article-title":"A hierarchical model of approach and avoidance achievement motivation","volume":"72","author":"Elliot","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/002224378101800104","article-title":"Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error","volume":"18","author":"Fornell","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing Research"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3102\/10769986006002107","article-title":"Distribution theory for Glass\u2019s estimator of effect size and related estimators","volume":"6","author":"Hedges","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Statistics"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428117744021","article-title":"Variable-centered, person-centered, and person-specific approaches: Where theory meets the method","volume":"21","author":"Howard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Organizational Research Methods"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2014.10.036","article-title":"Dispositional greed","volume":"74","author":"Krekels","year":"2015","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2018.08.012","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Dispositional Greed Scale and a portrait of greedy people","volume":"137","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.73.6.1141","article-title":"Hedonic consequences of social comparison: A contrast of happy and unhappy people","volume":"73","author":"Lyubomirsky","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021396422190","article-title":"Implications of individual differences in subjective happiness for perceiving, interpreting, and thinking about life events","volume":"22","author":"Lyubomirsky","year":"1998","journal-title":"Motivation and Emotion"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2016.07.002","article-title":"The life and times of individuals scoring high and low on dispositional greed","volume":"64","author":"Mussel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Personality"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2019.1590146","article-title":"Prediction from latent classes: A demonstration of different approaches to include distal outcomes in mixture models","volume":"26","author":"Grimm","year":"2019","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2019.06.010","article-title":"The psychologically rich life questionnaire","volume":"81","author":"Oishi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Personality"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1037\/rev0000317","article-title":"A psychologically rich life: Beyond happiness and meaning","volume":"129","author":"Oishi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-6566(02)00505-6","article-title":"The dark triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy","volume":"36","author":"Paulhus","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Personality"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.88.5.879","article-title":"Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies","volume":"88","author":"Podsakoff","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-120710-100452","article-title":"Sources of method bias in social science research and recommendations on how to control it","volume":"63","author":"Podsakoff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1353\/csd.2013.0004","article-title":"The association between sensation seeking and well-being among college-attending emerging adults","volume":"54","author":"Ravert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of College Student Development"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.00978","article-title":"tidyLPA: An R package to easily carry out latent profile analysis (LPA) using open-source or commercial software","volume":"3","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Open Source Software"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i02","article-title":"lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling","volume":"48","author":"Rosseel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.52.1.141","article-title":"On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being","volume":"52","author":"Ryan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02296192","article-title":"A scaled difference chi-square test statistic for moment structure analysis","volume":"66","author":"Satorra","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2016-021","article-title":"mclust 5: Clustering, classification and density estimation using Gaussian finite mixture models","volume":"8","author":"Scrucca","year":"2016","journal-title":"The R Journal"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1037\/pspp0000031","article-title":"Dispositional greed","volume":"108","author":"Seuntjens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2018.09.027","article-title":"Greedy bastards: Testing the relationship between wanting more and unethical behavior","volume":"138","author":"Seuntjens","year":"2019","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1037\/a0035722","article-title":"Everyday creativity in daily life: An experience-sampling study of \u201clittle c\u201d creativity","volume":"8","author":"Silvia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.134.1.138","article-title":"Refining the relationship between personality and subjective well-being","volume":"134","author":"Steel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0167.53.1.80","article-title":"The meaning in life questionnaire: Assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life","volume":"53","author":"Steger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Counseling Psychology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.2007.00484.x","article-title":"Understanding the search for meaning in life: Personality, cognitive style, and the dynamic between seeking and experiencing meaning","volume":"76","author":"Steger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Personality"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1080\/17439760802303127","article-title":"Meaning in life across the life span: Levels and correlates of meaning in life from emerging adulthood to older adulthood","volume":"4","author":"Steger","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Journal of Positive Psychology"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1093\/pan\/mpq025","article-title":"Latent class modeling with covariates: Two improved three-step approaches","volume":"18","author":"Vermunt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Political Analysis"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.5465\/amle.2009.0185","article-title":"Economics education and greed","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Academy of Management Learning & Education"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.5465\/19416520.2011.588822","article-title":"On greed","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Academy of Management Annals"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s10902-006-9020-7","article-title":"The implications of two conceptions of happiness (hedonic enjoyment and eudaimonia) for the understanding of intrinsic motivation","volume":"9","author":"Waterman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Happiness Studies"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v011.i10","article-title":"Econometric computing with HC and HAC covariance matrix estimators","volume":"11","author":"Zeileis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"}],"container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/16\/8\/1286\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T04:12:53Z","timestamp":1785384773000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/16\/8\/1286"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["bs16081286"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bs16081286","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-328X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-328X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]}}}