{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T12:29:17Z","timestamp":1787574557489,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behav. Sci.","Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Network orientation reflects beliefs about whether seeking help from others is desirable, safe, and useful. Cross-national studies have often focused on differences in the mean levels of negative network orientation; however, similar help-seeking scores may conceal distinct underlying psychosocial structures. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 676 university students from Mexico (n = 422) and Russia (n = 254). Participants completed the Network Orientation Scale (NOS), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Generalized Trust Scale, and Interpersonal Sympathy Scale. Mean comparisons, Pearson correlations with Fisher\u2019s r-to-z tests, and multivariable linear interaction models were performed. Results: Mean NOS levels were similar across countries, but the psychosocial correlates differed substantially. Russian students reported higher generalized trust and higher self-esteem, whereas interpersonal sympathy was comparable between the countries. Greater interpersonal sympathy was associated with higher network avoidance in both populations, while generalized trust was associated with lower network avoidance, with a stronger effect in Russia. Self-esteem was not significantly associated with network orientation in Mexico but was significantly associated with lower network orientation in Russia. Continuous multivariable interaction models demonstrated a significant self-esteem \u00d7 country interaction. Men showed higher network orientation than women in both countries. Conclusions: Although Mexican and Russian university students showed similar average levels of negative network orientation, the psychosocial structure underlying help-seeking differed across contexts. These findings suggest that help-seeking tendencies should not be interpreted solely through mean comparisons, but also through the psychosocial configurations shaping support-seeking within each cultural setting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs16081299","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T13:55:11Z","timestamp":1785419711000},"page":"1299","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Psychosocial Correlates of Network Orientation: A Cross-National Comparison of University Students in Mexico and Russia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Irina","family":"Melnikova-Abramova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Faculty, Saint Petersburg State University, Makarova Embankment, 6, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9848-862X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iv\u00e1n","family":"Delgado-Enciso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico"},{"name":"State Cancerology Institute of Colima, Health Services of the Mexican Social Security Institute for Welfare (IMSS-BIENESTAR), Colima 28085, Mexico"},{"name":"Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4685-3095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gustavo A.","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Fuentes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico"},{"name":"State Cancerology Institute of Colima, Health Services of the Mexican Social Security Institute for Welfare (IMSS-BIENESTAR), Colima 28085, Mexico"},{"name":"Faculty of Chemical Sciences, University of Colima, Coquimatlan 28400, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Svetlana E.","family":"Strogova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Adjustment Disorders and Trauma, Institute of Child Psychiatry of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution \u201cRussian Mental Health Research Centre\u201d, Kashirskoe Shosse 34, Moscow 115522, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena N.","family":"Arbuzova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crisis and Extreme Situation Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Saint Petersburg State University, Makarova Embankment 6, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osiris G.","family":"Delgado-Enciso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica C.","family":"Romero-Michel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Law, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ver\u00f3nica M.","family":"Guzm\u00e1n-Sandoval","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3375-715X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Ram\u00edrez-Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1744-9173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabian","family":"Rojas-Larios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3525-7821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen A.","family":"Sanchez-Ramirez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandrina","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0869-6394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valery","family":"Melnikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"5019","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the Russian version of the liking people scale","volume":"40","author":"Arbuzova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Current Psychology"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Arbuzova, E. N., and Gorbatov, S. V. (2025). Adaptation and initial validation of methods for studying affiliative characteristics of personality. Education, innovations, research as a resource for community development: Proceedings of the all-Russian scientific-practical conference with international participation, ID \u201cSreda\u201d."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"212","article-title":"Self-efficacy","volume":"Vol. 7","author":"Kazdin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Encyclopedia of psychology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167214522836","article-title":"Cultural bases for self-evaluation: Seeing oneself positively in different cultural contexts","volume":"40","author":"Becker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berry, J. W., Poortinga, Y. H., Breugelmans, S. M., Chasiotis, A., and Sam, D. L. (2011). Cross-cultural psychology: Research and applications, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511974274"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-009-9800-3","article-title":"Validation of the Spanish translation of the questionnaire for the obesity-related problems scale","volume":"19","author":"Bilbao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Obesity Surgery"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1037\/pspp0000078","article-title":"Age and gender differences in self-esteem-A cross-cultural window","volume":"111","author":"Bleidorn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.98.2.310","article-title":"Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis","volume":"98","author":"Cohen","year":"1985","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1097\/00006199-200401000-00009","article-title":"SPSS and SAS programming for the testing of mediation models","volume":"53","author":"Dudley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nursing Research"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa4503_11","article-title":"A measure of interpersonal orientation: The linking people scale","volume":"45","author":"Filsinger","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of Personality Assessment"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1027\/2151-2604\/a000317","article-title":"The structure of the Rosenberg self-esteem scale","volume":"226","author":"Gnambs","year":"2018","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Psychologie"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Hall, E. T. (2003). Beyond culture, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. Available online: https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Beyond_Culture.html?hl=it&id=reByw3FWVWsC."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Heine, S. J. (2020). Cultural psychology, W W Norton & Co Inc."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v042.i08","article-title":"MatchIt: Nonparametric preprocessing for parametric causal inference","volume":"42","author":"Ho","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G. J., and Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind, McGraw Hill Professional. [3rd ed.]. Available online: https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Cultures_and_Organizations_Software_of_t.html?hl=es&id=o4OqTgV3V00C."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022117731091","article-title":"Cultural differences in motivation for seeking social support and the emotional consequences of receiving support: The role of influence and adjustment goals","volume":"48","author":"Ishii","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2771","DOI":"10.1007\/s11218-024-09920-4","article-title":"Individualism and collectivism\u2019s impact on students\u2019 academic helping interactions: An integrative review","volume":"27","author":"Jeng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Social Psychology of Education"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jennings, V., and Bamkole, O. (2019). The relationship between social cohesion and urban green space: An avenue for health promotion. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16, (3).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16030452"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Kawachi, I., and Berkman, L. (2023). Social cohesion, social capital, and health. Social epidemiology, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-9004.2010.00320.x","article-title":"Gender differences in personality and interests: When, where, and why?","volume":"4","author":"Lippa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Social and Personality Psychology Compass"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Lonner, W. J., and Berry, J. W. (2026, June 24). Methods and data analysis for cross-cultural research, Available online: https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Methods_and_Data_Analysis_for_Cross_Cult.html?id=qoQPAitlUToC."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Luhmann, N., Morgner, C., and King, M. (2017). Trust and power, Wiley. Available online: https:\/\/www.wiley.com\/en-gb\/Trust+and+Power-p-9781509519453."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2008.09.006","article-title":"Social contacts as a possible mechanism behind the relation between green space and health","volume":"15","author":"Maas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Health & Place"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.7.1.19","article-title":"On the practice of dichotomization of quantitative variables","volume":"7","author":"MacCallum","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1017\/S1138741600006727","article-title":"The Rosenberg self-esteem scale: Translation and validation in university students","volume":"10","author":"Navarro","year":"2007","journal-title":"The Spanish Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1163\/15691330-bja10049","article-title":"A \u201cHarsh\u201d culture, alcoholism, climate, and social hardship explain national differences in suicide rates","volume":"21","author":"Minkov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comparative Sociology"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"302","article-title":"Spanish adaptation of Yamagishi General Trust Scale","volume":"30","author":"Montoro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anales de Psicolog\u00eda"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691610374588","article-title":"Social ecology: Lost and found in psychological science","volume":"5","author":"Oishi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Perspectives on Psychological Science"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ostrom, E. (1990). Governing the commons: The evolution of institutions for collective action. Governing the commons, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511807763"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.56.091103.070141","article-title":"Prosocial behavior: Multilevel perspectives","volume":"56","author":"Penner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1080\/15298868.2017.1361861","article-title":"Intellectual humility and openness to the opposing view","volume":"17","author":"Porter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Self and Identity"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167201272002","article-title":"Measuring global self-esteem: Construct validation of a single-item measure and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale","volume":"27","author":"Robins","year":"2001","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image, Princeton University Press.","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400876136"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Rosner, B. (2010). Fundamentals of biostatistics, Cengage Learning, Inc.. [7th ed.]. Available online: https:\/\/studylib.net\/doc\/27109472\/fundamentals-of-biostatistics--7th-edition-?utm_source=chatgpt.com."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rouse, S. M., McDonald, J., Engstrom, R. N., Hanmer, M. J., Gonz\u00e1lez, R., Lay, S., and Miranda, D. (2022). Millennials: The global perspective and the future of a shared generational identity. Citizens of the world: Political engagement and policy attitudes of millennials across the globe, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780197599372.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2601(08)60281-6","article-title":"Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries","volume":"25","author":"Schwartz","year":"1992","journal-title":"Advances in Experimental Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1177\/0265407519836170","article-title":"Less in-person social interaction with peers among U.S. adolescents in the 21st century and links to loneliness","volume":"36","author":"Twenge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Social and Personal Relationships"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e75","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X16000406","article-title":"Aggression and violence around the world: A model of climate, aggression, and self-control in humans (CLASH)","volume":"40","author":"Rinderu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behavioral and Brain Sciences"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1002\/1520-6629(198604)14:2<159::AID-JCOP2290140207>3.0.CO;2-H","article-title":"Orientation toward utilization of support resources","volume":"14","author":"Vaux","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of Community Psychology"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.33910\/2686-9527-2022-4-4-509-520","article-title":"Adaptation of the Russian-language version of T. Yamagishi\u2019s Generalized Trust Scale on a student sample","volume":"4","author":"Vlasenko","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychology of Human in Education"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0167.50.3.351","article-title":"To seek help or not to seek help: The risks of self-disclosure","volume":"50","author":"Vogel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Counseling Psychology"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Yamagishi, T. (2019). Trust: The evolutionary game of mind and society, Springer."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02249397","article-title":"Trust and commitment in the United States and Japan","volume":"18","author":"Yamagishi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Motivation and Emotion"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.24147\/2410-6364.2020.2.52-57","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the Russian version of the Rosenberg self-esteem scale","volume":"2","author":"Zolotareva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Herald of Omsk University. Series: Psychology"}],"container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/16\/8\/1299\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T12:06:54Z","timestamp":1787573214000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/16\/8\/1299"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["bs16081299"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bs16081299","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-328X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-328X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]}}}