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Sci.","Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Children already differ in their literacy and numeracy skills before school entry, which partly is due to differences in their home literacy and numeracy environments (HLE\/HNE). Learning apps may serve as a compensatory resource when parents cannot provide adequate support. Based on this assumption, this study investigates whether learning apps predict gains in literacy and numeracy skills, and whether HLE\/HNE quality moderates this relation. N = 500 children from Germany (Mage = 60.69 months, SD = 4.61) received either literacy, numeracy, or no learning apps for a period of six months before and after which literacy and numeracy skills were assessed. The HLE\/HNE were measured via parent questionnaires at T1. Regression models showed that being in the numeracy app intervention group was associated with greater numeracy gains compared to a business-as-usual control group, while the literacy app intervention group showed greater literacy gains compared to all other groups. However, HLE\/HNE did not emerge as significant moderators, providing limited evidence for digital compensation of lower-quality HLEs\/HNEs. Methodological considerations that call for caution in interpreting the findings are discussed. The findings evaluate the promising character of learning apps to supplement learning in analog HLE\/HNE. The potential impact of quality vs. quantity of app usage for compensatory effects is discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs16081304","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T15:02:01Z","timestamp":1785510121000},"page":"1304","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Digital Compensation? Investigating the Moderating Role of the Home Learning Environment in the Effectiveness of Learning Apps"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9200-2355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tina","family":"Schiele","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Munich, Leopoldstr. 13, 80802 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2056-9451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Valc\u00e1rcel Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Munich, Leopoldstr. 13, 80802 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0992-6555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00d6yk\u00fc","family":"Camlig\u00fcney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Munich, Leopoldstr. 13, 80802 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1126-141X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Astrid","family":"Wirth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education, University of Vienna, Universit\u00e4tsring 1, 1010 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Niklas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Munich, Leopoldstr. 13, 80802 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1080\/00220671.2025.2490963","article-title":"A digital boost of the home literacy environment positively impacts early reading and vocabulary development of Indonesian 1st graders at-risk","volume":"118","author":"Adam","year":"2025","journal-title":"The Journal of Educational Research"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2019.3176","article-title":"Association between screen media use and academic performance among children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"173","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Aiken, L. 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