{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T08:47:23Z","timestamp":1785833243910,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behav. Sci.","Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Growing geopolitical instability has led to increasing concerns about the psychological impact of war beyond directly affected populations, highlighting the need for culturally appropriate instruments to assess fear of war. In this study, we evaluate the psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Fear of War Scale (FOWARS) and examine its associations with sociodemographic characteristics and personality traits. A total of 643 adults across two independent samples (sample 1 = 360; sample 2 = 283) completed the FOWARS, the Tolerance of Uncontrollability Questionnaire, the Next Big Five Inventory (BFI-2), the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21), and a sociodemographic information form. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the original two-factor structure of the FOWARS, with the Turkish version demonstrating satisfactory structural validity, convergent validity, discriminant validity, criterion-related validity, strong internal consistency, and measurement invariance across gender. Fear of war was negatively associated with tolerance of uncontrollability and positively associated with depression, anxiety, and stress. In addition, fear of war was significantly associated with gender, socioeconomic status, agreeableness, neuroticism, and conscientiousness. These findings expand the understanding of the individual determinants of fear of war, underscoring the importance of developing targeted interventions for vulnerable populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs16081339","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T08:02:19Z","timestamp":1785830539000},"page":"1339","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Validation of the Turkish Fear of War Scale (FOWARS): Psychometric Evidence and Associations with Tolerance of Uncontrollability, Psychological Symptoms, and Personality Traits"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9549-6691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feridun","family":"Kaya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Faculty of Letters, Atat\u00fcrk University, 25240 Erzurum, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3955-6597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tu\u011fba","family":"T\u00fcrkkan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Work, Faculty of Health Sciences, G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane University, 29100 G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.4103\/1735-1995.158255","article-title":"The association of personality traits and coping styles according to stress level","volume":"20","author":"Afshar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Medical Sciences"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10942-024-00537-2","article-title":"The Persian tolerance of uncontrollability questionnaire and its correlates: Reliability, validity, and measurement invariance across gender","volume":"42","author":"Akbari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s41606-025-00165-4","article-title":"Sleep quality and the burden of PTSD and depression in a conflict-affected cohort: A cross-sectional study from Syria","volume":"10","author":"Alhamood","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sleep Science and Practice"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-84410-3","article-title":"The effects of war-related experiences on mental health symptoms of individuals living in conflict zones: A longitudinal study","volume":"15","author":"Amsalem","year":"2025","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000226","article-title":"Predicting psychological and subjective well-being from personality: A meta-analysis","volume":"146","author":"Anglim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.10.2.176","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales in clinical groups and a community sample","volume":"10","author":"Antony","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychological Assessment"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1007\/s44192-024-00084-3","article-title":"Major depressive disorder: Point prevalence, suicidal ideation, and risk factors among Sudanese children and adolescents during Sudan army conflict: A cross-sectional study","volume":"4","author":"Awad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Discover Mental Health"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"111","article-title":"The relationship between Big Five personality traits and assertiveness","volume":"25","author":"Bagherian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tendenzen"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.15655\/mw_2020_v11i3_202930","article-title":"The threat and fear of war: The state and politics in American mass media","volume":"11","author":"Baigozhina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Media Watch"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1556-6678.2011.tb00088.x","article-title":"Evaluating and reporting statistical power in counseling research","volume":"89","author":"Balkin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Counseling & Development"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Barlow, D. 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