{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T11:29:57Z","timestamp":1786361397866,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI Grant-in-Aid for Early-Career Scientists","award":["23K12664"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23K12664"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behav. Sci.","Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In aging societies, securing a stable long-term care workforce is a priority, yet workforce policies centered on financial incentives have demonstrated limited effectiveness. Drawing on the sustainable-careers perspective as an analytical lens, this study re-examines high-commitment human resource management (HCHRM), grounded in ability\u2013motivation\u2013opportunity (AMO) theory, by investigating how it relates to the work attitudes and work role performance of long-term care workers, with work\u2013life balance (WLB) support incorporated as an opportunity-enhancing practice. Data of 875 full-time care workers from 130 establishments in Japan were analyzed using hierarchical linear modeling. Opportunity-enhancing practices (WLB support and autonomous team management) were positively associated with affective commitment, and coworker exchange (CWX) was favorably associated with all outcomes. Cross-level analyses indicated that higher WLB support was associated with a stronger relationship between CWX and both lower turnover intention and greater proficiency behavior, whereas higher autonomous team management was associated with a stronger CWX\u2013adaptive-proactive behavior relationship. Interpreted through a sustainable-careers lens, these findings position WLB support as an opportunity-enhancing practice within AMO theory and indicate that it may operate synergistically with workplace relationships to support care workers\u2019 attitudes and performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs16081369","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T10:23:50Z","timestamp":1786357430000},"page":"1369","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["High-Commitment Human Resource Management and Care Workers\u2019 Attitudes and Performance Through a Sustainable-Careers Lens: A Multilevel Analysis in Japan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Masako","family":"Sugano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Business Administration, College of Business Administration, Ibaraki Christian University, 6-11-1 Omika-cho, Hitachi, Ibaraki 319-1295, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Aiken, L. S., and West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions, Sage Publications."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1006\/jvbe.1996.0043","article-title":"Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization: An examination of construct validity","volume":"49","author":"Allen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Vocational Behavior"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Appelbaum, E., Bailey, T., Berg, P., and Kalleberg, A. L. (2000). Manufacturing advantage: Why high-performance work systems pay off, Cornell University Press."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-232X.00287","article-title":"Human resources practices as predictors of work\u2013family outcomes and employee turnover","volume":"42","author":"Batt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-232X.00286","article-title":"Balancing work and family: The role of high-commitment environments","volume":"42","author":"Berg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-017-1275-2","article-title":"Is organizational justice climate at the workplace associated with individual-level quality of care and organizational affective commitment? A multi-level, cross-sectional study on dentistry in Sweden","volume":"91","author":"Berthelsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Klein, K. J., and Kozlowski, S. W. J. (2000). Within-group agreement, non-independence, and reliability: Implications for data aggregation and analysis. Multilevel theory, research, and methods in organizations, Jossey-Bass."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.2307\/257222","article-title":"The missing opportunity in organizational research: Some implications for a theory of work performance","volume":"7","author":"Blumberg","year":"1982","journal-title":"Academy of Management Review"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2498","DOI":"10.1177\/0149206318818718","article-title":"A systematic review of human resource management systems and their measurement","volume":"45","author":"Boon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Management"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1111\/ijmr.12332","article-title":"Examining the ability, motivation and opportunity (AMO) framework in HRM research: Conceptualization, measurement and interactions","volume":"25","author":"Townsend","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Management Reviews"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"4549","article-title":"The implementation and outcomes of self-managing teams in elderly care: A scoping review","volume":"30","author":"Doodkorte","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Nursing Management"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.5771\/0935-9915-2014-4-263","article-title":"Sustainable HRM: Bridging theory and practice through the \u201cRespect Openness Continuity (ROC)\u201d model","volume":"25","author":"Segers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Management Revue"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosust.2017.07.003","article-title":"Current thinking on contemporary careers: The key roles of sustainable HRM and sustainability of careers","volume":"28","year":"2017","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvb.2018.06.011","article-title":"Sustainable careers: Towards a conceptual model","volume":"117","author":"Akkermans","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Vocational Behavior"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1080\/095851900339774","article-title":"Beyond \u201cunloving care\u201d: Linking human resource management and patient care quality in nursing homes","volume":"11","author":"Eaton","year":"2000","journal-title":"The International Journal of Human Resource Management"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1108\/IJM-12-2019-0541","article-title":"The HPWS and AMO: A dynamic study of system- and individual-level effects","volume":"42","author":"Edgar","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Manpower"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.12.2.121","article-title":"Centering predictor variables in cross-sectional multilevel models: A new look at an old issue","volume":"12","author":"Enders","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Day, D. V. (2014). Leader-member exchange (LMX) theory: The relational approach to leadership. The Oxford handbook of leadership and organizations, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/002224378101800104","article-title":"Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error","volume":"18","author":"Fornell","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing Research"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-6419.00150","article-title":"Motivation crowding theory","volume":"15","author":"Frey","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Surveys"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"34","article-title":"J\u014dshi no s\u014dsharu sap\u014dto ga soshiki komittomento ni oyobosu eiky\u014d ni tsuite: Kaigoshoku no yakuwari aimaisei no baikai k\u014dka ni chakumoku shite [The effect of supervisors\u2019 social support on organizational commitment: Focusing on the mediating effect of role ambiguity among care workers]","volume":"11","author":"Fujisawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Japanese Journal of Business Management for Long-Term Care"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6570.2000.tb02418.x","article-title":"Measurement error in research on human resources and firm performance: How much error is there and how does it influence effect size estimates?","volume":"53","author":"Gerhart","year":"2000","journal-title":"Personnel Psychology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.67.6.868","article-title":"Role of leadership in the employee withdrawal process","volume":"67","author":"Graen","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.5465\/amj.2007.24634438","article-title":"A new model of work role performance: Positive behavior in uncertain and interdependent contexts","volume":"50","author":"Griffin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Academy of Management Journal"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1080\/095851997341630","article-title":"Human resource management and performance: A review and research agenda","volume":"8","author":"Guest","year":"1997","journal-title":"The International Journal of Human Resource Management"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1111\/1748-8583.12139","article-title":"Human resource management and employee well-being: Towards a new analytic framework","volume":"27","author":"Guest","year":"2017","journal-title":"Human Resource Management Journal"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvb.2014.08.010","article-title":"Outcomes of work\u2013life balance on job satisfaction, life satisfaction and mental health: A study across seven cultures","volume":"85","author":"Haar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Vocational Behavior"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"33","article-title":"Kaigo jigy\u014dsho ni okeru naibu ikusei shik\u014d jinteki shigen kanri ga ritenshoku ishi ni ataeru eiky\u014d ni kansuru k\u014dsatsu: Soshiki komittomento ni yoru baikai k\u014dka no kent\u014d [The effect of internal development-oriented human resource management on turnover intention in care facilities: Examining the mediating effect of organizational commitment]","volume":"10","author":"Haraguchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Japanese Journal of Business Management for Long-Term Care"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8543.2007.00630.x","article-title":"High performance work systems and employee experience of work in the service sector: The case of aged care","volume":"45","author":"Harley","year":"2007","journal-title":"British Journal of Industrial Relations"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Hasenfeld, Y. (1983). Human service organizations, Prentice Hall."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Hasenfeld, Y. (2010). Human services as complex organizations, Sage Publications. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-orgpsych-032117-104640","article-title":"Conservation of resources in the organizational context: The reality of resources and their consequences","volume":"5","author":"Hobfoll","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1177\/014920639702300602","article-title":"An overview of the logic and rationale of hierarchical linear models","volume":"23","author":"Hofmann","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Management"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.2307\/256741","article-title":"The impact of human resource management practices on turnover, productivity, and corporate financial performance","volume":"38","author":"Huselid","year":"1995","journal-title":"Academy of Management Journal"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Ishiyama, N. (2020). Nihon kigy\u014d no tarento man\u0113jimento: Tekisha kaihatsu nihongata jinji kanri e no henkaku [Talent management of Japanese companies: Transformation toward a Japanese-style HRM based on developing the right person], Chuokeizai-Sha."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.67.2.219","article-title":"Aggregation bias in estimates of perceptual agreement","volume":"67","author":"James","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.69.1.85","article-title":"Estimating within-group interrater reliability with and without response bias","volume":"69","author":"James","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.5465\/amj.2011.0088","article-title":"How does human resource management influence organizational outcomes? A meta-analytic investigation of mediating mechanisms","volume":"55","author":"Jiang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Academy of Management Journal"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124114543236","article-title":"The performance of RMSEA in models with small degrees of freedom","volume":"44","author":"Kenny","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sociological Methods and Research"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"1","article-title":"Kaigo shokuin ga hatarakitsuzukeru ni wa nani ga hitsuy\u014d ka [What incentives do care workers need to continue working?]","volume":"69","author":"Kishida","year":"2013","journal-title":"JCER Economic Journal"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1111\/1744-7941.12321","article-title":"Sustainable human resource management: Six defining characteristics","volume":"60","author":"Kramar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428106296642","article-title":"Answers to 20 questions about interrater reliability and interrater agreement","volume":"11","author":"LeBreton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Organizational Research Methods"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"217","article-title":"A conceptual review of human resource management systems in strategic human resource management research","volume":"25","author":"Lepak","year":"2006","journal-title":"Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"43","article-title":"Multidimensionality of leader-member exchange: An empirical assessment through scale development","volume":"24","author":"Liden","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Management"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J., Lee, A., Li, X., and Li, C.-R. (2021). The role of change in the relationships between leader-member exchange\/coworker exchange and newcomer performance: A latent growth modeling approach. Frontiers in Psychology, 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.600712"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1027\/1614-2241.1.3.86","article-title":"Sufficient sample sizes for multilevel modeling","volume":"1","author":"Maas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Methodology"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (2015). 2025-nen ni muketa kaigo jinzai no kakuho: Ry\u014d to shitsu no k\u014djunkan no kakuritsu ni mukete [Securing care workers toward 2025: Establishing a virtuous cycle of quantity and quality]."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (2017). Kaigo jinzai ni motomerareru kin\u014d no meikakuka to kyaria pasu no jitsugen ni mukete [Clarifying the functions required of care workers and realizing career paths]."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (2025). Chingin k\u014dz\u014d kihon t\u014dkei ch\u014dsa [Basic Survey on Wage Structure]."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.86.3.493","article-title":"Review and conceptual analysis of the employee turnover process","volume":"86","author":"Mobley","year":"1979","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2041-210x.2012.00261.x","article-title":"A general and simple method for obtaining R2 from generalized linear mixed-effects models","volume":"4","author":"Nakagawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Methods in Ecology and Evolution"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"OECD (2020). Who cares? Attracting and retaining care workers for the elderly, OECD Publishing."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"1107","article-title":"Work-family human resource bundles and perceived organizational performance","volume":"43","author":"Blum","year":"2000","journal-title":"Academy of Management Journal"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.88.5.879","article-title":"Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies","volume":"88","author":"Podsakoff","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-120710-100452","article-title":"Sources of method bias in social science research and recommendations on how to control it","volume":"63","author":"Podsakoff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1177\/014920638601200408","article-title":"Self-reports in organizational research: Problems and prospects","volume":"12","author":"Podsakoff","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of Management"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-8583.2007.00022.x","article-title":"Front-line managers as agents in the HRM-performance causal chain: Theory, analysis and evidence","volume":"17","author":"Purcell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Human Resource Management Journal"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2499","DOI":"10.1111\/jonm.13390","article-title":"High-involvement HRM and innovative behaviour: The mediating roles of nursing staff\u2019s autonomy and affective commitment","volume":"29","author":"Renkema","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Nursing Management"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1177\/095148480101400306","article-title":"Impact of human resource management practices on nursing home performance","volume":"14","author":"Rondeau","year":"2001","journal-title":"Health Services Management Research"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrmr.2016.09.005","article-title":"Exploring the relationship between HRM and firm performance: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies","volume":"27","author":"Saridakis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Human Resource Management Review"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1080\/09585192.2015.1109534","article-title":"When health care workers perceive high-commitment HRM will they be motivated to continue working in health care? It may depend on their supervisor and intrinsic motivation","volume":"28","author":"Schopman","year":"2015","journal-title":"The International Journal of Human Resource Management"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.87.3.542","article-title":"Coworker exchange: Relationships between coworkers, leader-member exchange, and work attitudes","volume":"87","author":"Sherony","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"124","article-title":"Tokubetsu y\u014dgo r\u014djin h\u014dmu ni okeru kaigo shokuin no shigoto no y\u016bn\u014dkan ni kanren suru y\u014din: Riy\u014dsha to no kankei to shokuba-nai no ningen kankei ni sh\u014dten o atete [Factors related to perceived job competence of care workers in nursing homes: Focusing on relationships with users and interpersonal relationships within the workplace]","volume":"47","author":"So","year":"2007","journal-title":"Japanese Journal of Social Welfare"},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Sugano, M. (2020). Kaigo jinzai man\u0113jimento no riron to jissen: Fukakujitsusei o katsuryoku ni kaeru \u201cs\u014dhatsugata jinzai man\u0113jimento\u201d [HRM to make care people creative in uncertain job situations], Hosei University Press."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"73","article-title":"K\u014dreisha kaigo shisetsu e no hai komittomento HRM no tekiy\u014d kan\u014dsei: Kaigo shokuin no soshiki komittomento ni oyobosu chokusetsu k\u014dka to senryaku no ch\u014dsei k\u014dka ni chakumoku shite [Applicability of high commitment HRM to elderly care facilities: Focusing on the direct effect and moderating effect of strategy on care workers\u2019 organizational commitment]","volume":"27","author":"Sugano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Management Development"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.33160\/yam.2023.05.001","article-title":"Factors related to turnover and intention to leave the care working profession in Japan: A review","volume":"66","author":"Takeda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Yonago Acta Medica"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.5651\/jaas.20.127","article-title":"Jinteki shigen kanri kenky\u016b e no maruchi reberu bunseki no tekiy\u014d kan\u014dsei: HRM sesaku to soshiki f\u016bdo ga shokumu taido k\u014dd\u014d ni ataeru eiky\u014d no kent\u014d jirei [Applicability of a multilevel analytical method to human resource management research: The effects of human resource practices and organizational climate on work attitudes and behaviors]","volume":"20","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Japanese Journal of Administrative Science"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6570.2008.01127.x","article-title":"Through the looking glass of a social system: Cross-level effects of high-performance work systems on employees\u2019 attitudes","volume":"62","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Personnel Psychology"},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Tao, M. (2001). Hy\u016bman s\u0101bisu no keiei: Ch\u014d k\u014drei shakai o ikinuku tame ni [Human service management: To survive in a super-aged society], Hakuto-Shobo."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.80.1.6","article-title":"Impact of family-supportive work variables on work-family conflict and strain: A control perspective","volume":"80","author":"Thomas","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Vos, A., and Van der Heijden, B. I. J. M. (2015). Sustainable careers: Introductory chapter. Handbook of research on sustainable careers, Edward Elgar Publishing. Chapter 1.","DOI":"10.4337\/9781782547037.00006"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2370.2011.00322.x","article-title":"Employee well-being and the HRM\u2013organizational performance relationship: A review of quantitative studies","volume":"14","author":"Paauwe","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Management Reviews"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8543.00268","article-title":"\u201cHigh-performance\u201d management practices, working hours and work-life balance","volume":"41","author":"White","year":"2003","journal-title":"British Journal of Industrial Relations"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1177\/014920639201800205","article-title":"Theoretical perspectives for strategic human resource management","volume":"18","author":"Wright","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Management"},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Wright, P. M., and Nishii, L. H. (2026, July 21). Strategic HRM and organizational behavior: Integrating multiple levels of analysis (CAHRS working paper no. 07-03), Available online: https:\/\/ecommons.cornell.edu\/items\/d92f7084-5ad5-44c4-8281-6c0b239406a6."}],"container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/16\/8\/1369\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T10:50:00Z","timestamp":1786359000000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/16\/8\/1369"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["bs16081369"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bs16081369","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-328X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-328X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]}}}