{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T08:55:31Z","timestamp":1791449731447,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behav. Sci.","Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Conspiracy beliefs targeting lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ+) individuals have attracted increasing attention in social and political psychology due to their role in prejudice, social exclusion, and resistance to social change. Despite growing interest in this phenomenon, validated instruments for assessing LGBTQ+-related conspiracy beliefs in Spanish-speaking populations remain limited. The present study aimed to adapt and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Gender Ideology and LGBTQ+ Lobby Conspiracies Scale (GILC) in a Chilean sample. A total of 611 participants completed the instrument. Evidence based on internal structure was examined using parallel analysis, psychometric network analysis, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and measurement invariance testing across sex assigned at birth. Evidence based on relations with external variables was assessed through sociodemographic characteristics, religiosity, political orientation, and generic conspiracy beliefs. Results consistently supported a predominantly unidimensional structure. The CFA showed that the original one-factor model achieved satisfactory fit after incorporating two theoretically meaningful residual correlations. In addition, the scale demonstrated configural, metric, and scalar invariance across sex assigned at birth. GILC scores were positively associated with generic conspiracy beliefs, religiosity, age, and right-wing political orientation. Overall, the findings provide support for the validity of the Spanish version of the GILC and suggest that it constitutes a useful tool for studying LGBTQ+-related conspiracy beliefs in Spanish-speaking contexts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs16081375","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T08:09:36Z","timestamp":1786435776000},"page":"1375","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Psychometric Properties of the Spanish Version of the Gender Ideology and LGBTQ+ Lobby Conspiracies Scale (GILC): Evidence from a Chilean Sample"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9237-3749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Calder\u00f3n-Carvajal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Norte, Antofagasta 127070, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7765-9095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leandro","family":"Vergara-Toro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Norte, Antofagasta 127070, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9294-4337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siu","family":"Lay-Lisboa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Norte, Antofagasta 127070, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, and National Council on Measurement in Education (2014). Standards for educational and psychological testing, American Educational Research Association."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.2762","article-title":"The \u201cgay agenda\u201d: How the myth of gay affluence impedes the progress toward equality","volume":"52","author":"Bettinsoli","year":"2022","journal-title":"European Journal of Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brotherton, R., French, C. C., and Pickering, A. D. (2013). Measuring belief in conspiracy theories: The generic conspiracist beliefs scale. Frontiers in Psychology, 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00279"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruder, M., Haffke, P., Neave, N., Nouripanah, N., and Imhoff, R. (2013). Measuring individual differences in generic beliefs in conspiracy theories across cultures: Conspiracy mentality questionnaire. Frontiers in Psychology, 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00225"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1080\/19317611.2012.700687","article-title":"Attitudes toward gay men and lesbians and their relationship with gender role beliefs in a sample of Chilean university students","volume":"24","author":"Barrientos","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Sexual Health"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70001","DOI":"10.1111\/asap.70001","article-title":"LGBTQ+ conspiracy beliefs and collective actions: Factors and processes that (de)motivate support for LGBTQ+ equality","volume":"25","author":"Costacurta","year":"2025","journal-title":"Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721417718261","article-title":"The psychology of conspiracy theories","volume":"26","author":"Douglas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Current Directions in Psychological Science"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/pops.12568","article-title":"Understanding conspiracy theories","volume":"40","author":"Douglas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Political Psychology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/002224378101800104","article-title":"Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error","volume":"18","author":"Fornell","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing Research"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/bjop.12385","article-title":"Exposure to intergroup conspiracy theories promotes prejudice which spreads across groups","volume":"111","author":"Jolley","year":"2020","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167296224002","article-title":"Sex differences in attitudes toward homosexual persons, behaviors, and civil rights: A meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Kite","year":"1996","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"33","article-title":"Psychometric analysis of a scale of conspirative beliefs in Peruvian population","volume":"25","year":"2022","journal-title":"Persona"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3965","DOI":"10.59400\/apr3965","article-title":"Validation of the French version of the Gender Ideology and LGBTQ+ Lobby Conspiracies (GILC) scale in an African highly heteronormative context","volume":"4","author":"Messanga","year":"2025","journal-title":"Applied Psychology Research"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1300\/J082v43n02_02","article-title":"Development and validation of a scale measuring modern prejudice toward gay men and lesbian women","volume":"43","author":"Morrison","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Homosexuality"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"151","article-title":"Directrices para la traducci\u00f3n y adaptaci\u00f3n de los tests: Segunda edici\u00f3n","volume":"25","author":"Elosua","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panerati, S., Pellegrini, V., De Cristofaro, V., and Salvati, M. (2026). Conspiratorial threat and intergroup boundaries: How exposure to anti-LGBTQ+ narratives shapes beliefs, identity, and civic engagement. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations.","DOI":"10.1177\/13684302261438633"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12866","DOI":"10.1111\/bjso.12866","article-title":"The more positive intergroup contacts you have, the less LGBTQ+ conspiracy beliefs you will report: The role of knowledge, anxiety, and empathy","volume":"64","author":"Panerati","year":"2025","journal-title":"British Journal of Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1007\/s13178-024-00949-w","article-title":"Antecedent ideological profiles and negative socio-political outcomes of LGBTQ+ conspiracy beliefs","volume":"21","author":"Salvati","year":"2024a","journal-title":"Sexuality Research and Social Policy"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1111\/bjso.12678","article-title":"What is hiding behind the rainbow plot? The Gender Ideology and LGBTQ+ Lobby Conspiracies (GILC) scale","volume":"63","author":"Salvati","year":"2024b","journal-title":"British Journal of Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-025-03336-7","article-title":"Essentialist beliefs about sexual orientation: Co-occurrence, associated factors, and relationship with sexual prejudice attitudes","volume":"55","author":"Santos","year":"2026","journal-title":"Archives of Sexual Behavior"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Oskamp, S. (2000). An integrated threat theory of prejudice. Reducing prejudice and discrimination, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2025.113338","article-title":"Conformity to gender norms and denial of LGBTQ+ discrimination: The mediating role of anti-LGBTQ+ conspiracy beliefs","volume":"246","author":"Valsecchi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167217718523","article-title":"In defense of tradition: Religiosity, conservatism, and opposition to same-sex marriage in North America","volume":"43","author":"Jost","year":"2017","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"}],"container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/16\/8\/1375\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T08:35:50Z","timestamp":1791448550000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/16\/8\/1375"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["bs16081375"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bs16081375","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-328X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-328X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]}}}