{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T08:37:56Z","timestamp":1786523876014,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009157","name":"National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["90REGE0029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["90REGE0029"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009157","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["90REGE0029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["90REGE0029"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05r5c7c30","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behav. Sci.","Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of the study was to evaluate the use of an artificial intelligence (AI)-powered visual scene display (VSD) prototype, with a time delay, least-to-most prompting, and reinforcement in the acquisition of a mand repertoire for three preschool-aged children with complex communication needs (CCN), including those with suspected or confirmed autism diagnoses. A non-concurrent multiple baseline design across participants was used to evaluate the effects of the VSD on independent manding. All three participants\u2019 results suggest increases in independent manding following the introduction of the intervention. Brianna met the mastery criterion within nine intervention sessions, while Nick and Vera met the mastery criterion within nine and thirteen intervention sessions, respectively. Maintenance data suggested continued independent manding for two of the three participants following intervention. Results are consistent with previous research supporting the use of VSDs with young children with CCN and extend this literature by providing preliminary evidence for the use of AI-powered VSDs to support mand acquisition. Limitations of the prototype technology, clinical implications, and future directions are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs16081384","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T07:57:26Z","timestamp":1786521446000},"page":"1384","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Use of a Visual Scene Display for the Acquisition of Manding in Young Children with Complex Communication Needs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4183-4410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth R.","family":"Lorah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Curriculum & Instruction, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8422-1916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheida K.","family":"Raley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Curriculum & Instruction, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3352-5794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madison","family":"Maddox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Curriculum & Instruction, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Whitney P.","family":"Moser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Curriculum & Instruction, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1057-5599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine","family":"Holyfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communication Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2781-6619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen","family":"MacNeil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3590-6975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cynthia","family":"Zastudil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1080\/10400435.2021.1893235","article-title":"The effects of AAC video visual scene display technology on the communicative turns of preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"34","author":"Chapin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Assistive Technology"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Cooper, J. O., Heron, T., and Heward, W. L. (2020). Applied behavior analysis, Pearson UK."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1177\/0731948721989328","article-title":"How are self-determination components taught to improve reading outcomes for elementary students with or at risk for learning disabilities?","volume":"44","author":"Didion","year":"2021","journal-title":"Learning Disability Quarterly"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1080\/07434618.2025.2508485","article-title":"External challenges for individuals who need or use AAC who are learning language: Lived experiences, key research findings, and future directions","volume":"41","author":"Holyfield","year":"2025","journal-title":"Augmentative and Alternative Communication"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1080\/07434618.2025.2508490","article-title":"Dismantling societal barriers that limit people who need or use AAC: Lived experiences, key research findings, and future directions","volume":"41","author":"Light","year":"2025","journal-title":"Augmentative and Alternative Communication"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1080\/07434618.2020.1864469","article-title":"Typical preschoolers\u2019 perceptions of augmentative and alternative communication modes of a preschooler with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"37","author":"Lorah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Augmentative and Alternative Communication"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s10882-021-09803-y","article-title":"A systematic review of research comparing mobile technology speech-generating devices to other AAC modes with individuals with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"34","author":"Lorah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lorah, E. R., Holyfield, C., Raley, S. K., and Maddox, M. (2026). A comparison of visual scene and grid displays during a naturally occurring song routine. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, Advance online publication.","DOI":"10.1159\/000550602"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1177\/2165143420959793","article-title":"Secondary transition predictors of postschool success: An update to the research base","volume":"44","author":"Mazzotti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Career Development and Transition for Exceptional Individuals"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1080\/07434618.2025.2504497","article-title":"Supporting meaningful participation in society by adults with developmental disabilities who need and use AAC: Lived experiences, key research findings, and future directions","volume":"41","author":"McNaughton","year":"2025","journal-title":"Augmentative and Alternative Communication"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2010.08.006","article-title":"Combining nonoverlap and trend for single-case research: Tau-U","volume":"42","author":"Parker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behavior Therapy"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/01626434241263061","article-title":"Using visual scene displays with young children: An evidence-based practice synthesis","volume":"40","author":"Patenaude","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Special Education Technology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christenson, S. L., Reschly, A. L., and Wylie, C. (2012). A self-determination theory perspective on student engagement. Handbook of research on student engagement, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-2018-7"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryan, R. M., and Deci, E. L. (2017). Self-determination theory: Basic psychological needs in motivation, development, and wellness, Guilford Press.","DOI":"10.1521\/978.14625\/28806"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"3","article-title":"Impact of the Self-Determined Learning Model of Instruction on self-determination and goal attainment in adolescents with intellectual disability","volume":"42","author":"Shogren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Career Development and Transition for Exceptional Individuals"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shogren, K. A., and Raley, S. K. (2022). Self-determination and causal agency theory: Integrating research into practice, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-04260-7"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1177\/0741932515585003","article-title":"The role of autonomy, self-realization, and psychological empowerment in predicting early adulthood outcomes for youth with disabilities","volume":"37","author":"Shogren","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remedial and Special Education"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1177\/215416471505000302","article-title":"Causal agency theory: Reconceptualizing a functional model of self-determination","volume":"50","author":"Shogren","year":"2015","journal-title":"Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skinner, B. F. (1957). Verbal behavior, Appleton-Century-Crofts.","DOI":"10.1037\/11256-000"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Sundberg, M. L. (2008). The verbal behavior milestones assessment and placement program: The VB-MAPP, AVB Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1177\/0145445501255003","article-title":"The benefits of Skinner\u2019s analysis of verbal behavior for children with autism","volume":"25","author":"Sundberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Behavior Modification"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1177\/0145445516676750","article-title":"An improved rank correlation effect size statistic for single-case designs: Baseline Corrected Tau","volume":"41","author":"Tarlow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behavior Modification"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/s40614-020-00243-1","article-title":"Systematic review of verbal operants in speech generating device research from Skinner\u2019s analysis of verbal behavior","volume":"43","author":"Tincani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Perspectives on Behavior Science"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7916(81)90055-0","article-title":"The non-concurrent multiple baseline across-individuals design: An extension of the traditional multiple baseline design","volume":"12","author":"Watson","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/16\/8\/1384\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T08:18:08Z","timestamp":1786522688000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/16\/8\/1384"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["bs16081384"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bs16081384","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-328X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-328X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]}}}