{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T04:30:37Z","timestamp":1786681837574,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008475","name":"Brunel University of London","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008475","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00dn4t376","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behav. Sci.","Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The current study examined whether individual differences in attachment orientation, mate-retention tactics (benefit-provisioning and cost-inflicting strategies), and COVID-19-related stressors (impact, uncertainty, and perceived risk) were associated with IPV victimisation across two time points, one month apart, in Brazil and the UK (N = 1416 at Wave 1; N = 353 at Wave 2). Linear mixed-effects models controlled for age, sex, ethnicity, and relationship length. IPV victimisation did not significantly change over time, and COVID-19-related variables were not associated with any form of IPV. Brazilian participants reported higher psychological IPV than UK participants, although no country differences emerged for physical or sexual IPV. Cost-inflicting mate-retention strategies were positively associated with all forms of IPV in both countries, with consistently stronger associations in the UK. Attachment avoidance was positively associated with all forms of IPV in Brazil but was negatively associated with psychological and sexual IPV in the UK. Attachment anxiety and benefit-provisioning strategies were associated with psychological IPV in Brazil only. These findings suggest that associations between attachment, mate-retention strategies, and IPV victimisation may vary across cultural contexts, underscoring the value of culturally sensitive approaches to IPV research and intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs16081388","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T14:45:06Z","timestamp":1786545906000},"page":"1388","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Attachment, Mate-Retention Strategies, and Intimate Partner Violence Victimisation: A Two-Wave Study in Brazil and the United Kingdom"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2696-9250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruna","family":"Nascimento","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7274-6408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kwanele","family":"Shishane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Society, Community, and Health, University of Bedfordshire, Luton LU1 3JU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8965-3221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lora","family":"Adair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Culture and Evolution, Department of Psychology, Brunel University of London, London UB8 3PH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3757-6244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nelli","family":"Ferenczi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Culture and Evolution, Department of Psychology, Brunel University of London, London UB8 3PH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4478-628X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiancai","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7185-3858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maame","family":"Ama Akwama Ackah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Counselling Services, Ashesi University, Accra PMB CT3, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6728-5968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew Callum","family":"May","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.46.4.333","article-title":"An ethological approach to personality development","volume":"46","author":"Ainsworth","year":"1991","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2019.109534","article-title":"Mate-retention behaviors mediate the association between spouses\u2019 attachment insecurity and subsequent partner satisfaction","volume":"151","author":"Altgelt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Babaeizad, A., Fallahchai, R., and Abbasnejad, T. (2022). Mate-value and relationship satisfaction: The moderating roles of mate retention behaviors. PLoS ONE, 17, (1).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0262154"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2021.04.005","article-title":"The (bidirectional) associations between romantic attachment orientations and mate retention behavior in male-female romantic couples","volume":"42","author":"Barbaro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evolution and Human Behavior"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.61.2.226","article-title":"Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model","volume":"61","author":"Bartholomew","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033056","article-title":"Spouses\u2019 attachment pairings predict neuroendocrine, behavioral, and psychological responses to marital conflict","volume":"105","author":"Beck","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"75","article-title":"Culture, expressions of romantic love, and gift-giving","volume":"14","author":"Beichen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of International Business Research"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40806-021-00307-8","article-title":"Cost-inflicting mate retention tactics predict the perpetration of cyber dating abuse","volume":"8","author":"Bhogal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Evolutionary Psychological Science"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0001080","article-title":"Let\u2019s compare apples and oranges! A plea to demystify measurement equivalence","volume":"77","author":"Boehnke","year":"2022","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2024.101450","article-title":"Optimal two-time point longitudinal models for estimating individual-level change: Asymptotic insights and practical implications","volume":"70","author":"Brandmaier","year":"2024","journal-title":"Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Brazil (2023, May 01). Panorama of violence against women in Brazil: National and state indicators, Available online: https:\/\/www12.senado.leg.br\/institucional\/omv\/pdfs\/panorama-da-violencia-contra-as-mulheres-no-brasil-indicadores-nacionais-e-estaduais-no-1-2016."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burkova, V. N., Butovskaya, M. L., Randall, A. K., Fedenok, J. N., Ahmadi, K., Alghraibeh, A. M., Allami, F. B. M., Alpaslan, F. S., Al-Zu\u2019bi, M. A. A., and Bi\u00e7er, D. F. (2021). Predictors of anxiety in the COVID-19 pandemic from a global perspective: Data from 23 countries. Sustainability, 13, (7).","DOI":"10.3390\/su13074017"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/0162-3095(88)90010-6","article-title":"From vigilance to violence: Tactics of mate retention in American undergraduates","volume":"9","author":"Buss","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ethology and Sociobiology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2007.08.013","article-title":"The mate retention inventory\u2013Short form (MRI-SF)","volume":"44","author":"Buss","year":"2008","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2019.04.037","article-title":"Insecure attachment and relationship satisfaction: A meta-analysis of actor and partner associations","volume":"147","author":"Candel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2026, February 01). Intimate partner violence, sexual violence, and stalking among men, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/intimate-partner-violence\/about\/intimate-partner-violence-sexual-violence-and-stalking-among-men.html."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2877","DOI":"10.3390\/ejihpe13120199","article-title":"The relationship between jealousy and mate retention strategies in romantic relationships among women during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"13","author":"Degiuli","year":"2023","journal-title":"European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167210392789","article-title":"Sex differences in romantic attachment: A meta-analysis","volume":"37","year":"2011","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-021-01694-3","article-title":"Data quality of platforms and panels for online behavioral research","volume":"54","author":"Eyal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2016.04.017","article-title":"Couple conflict: Insights from an attachment perspective","volume":"13","author":"Feeney","year":"2017","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Psychology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32164-4","article-title":"The Brazilian government\u2019s mistakes in responding to the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"396","author":"Ferigato","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-010-9311-y","article-title":"Is psychological abuse reciprocal in intimate relationship? Data from a national sample of American adults","volume":"25","author":"Follingstad","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Family Violence"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6811.2010.01256.x","article-title":"Attachment avoidance and the cultural fit hypothesis: A cross-cultural investigation","volume":"17","author":"Friedman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Personal Relationships"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1177\/0265407596132005","article-title":"Impact of interpersonal traits and gender-role compliance on interpersonal resource exchange among dating and engaged\/married couples","volume":"13","author":"Gaines","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Social and Personal Relationships"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474704920972051","DOI":"10.1177\/1474704920972051","article-title":"Differentiation of self and mate retention behaviors: The mediating role of communication patterns","volume":"18","author":"Ghanbarian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Evolutionary Psychology: An International Journal of Evolutionary Approaches to Psychology and Behavior"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-022-02457-7","article-title":"When staying home is not safe: An investigation of the role of attachment style on stress and intimate partner violence in the time of COVID-19","volume":"52","author":"Gottlieb","year":"2023","journal-title":"Archives of Sexual Behavior"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2528","DOI":"10.1177\/02654075221082602","article-title":"Attachment in the time of COVID-19: Insecure attachment orientations are associated with defiance of authorities\u2019 guidelines during the pandemic","volume":"39","author":"Shaver","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Social and Personal Relationships"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327965pli0501_1","article-title":"Attachment as an organizational framework for research on close relationships","volume":"5","author":"Hazan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychological Inquiry"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture\u2019s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations, SAGE Publications. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Idriss-Wheeler, D., Ormel, I., Assefa, M., Rab, F., Angelakis, C., Yaya, S., and Sohani, S. (2024). Engaging community health workers (CHWs) in Africa: Lessons from the Canadian red cross supported programs. PLoS Global Public Health, 4, (1).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0002799"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2007.12.010","article-title":"Male mate retention mediates the relationship between female sexual infidelity and female-directed violence","volume":"44","author":"Kaighobadi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"3","article-title":"The longitudinal course of marital quality and stability: A review of theory, methods, and research","volume":"118","author":"Karney","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000668","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2017-000668","article-title":"From the battlefield to the bedroom: A multilevel analysis of the links between political conflict and intimate partner violence in Liberia","volume":"3","author":"Kelly","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Global Health"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.117785","article-title":"Food insecurity, intimate partner violence, and barriers to sexual and reproductive health care among women in Lorentzville, South Africa","volume":"369","author":"Khofi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kohls, E., Guenthner, L., Baldofski, S., Brock, T., Schuhr, J., and Rummel-Kluge, C. (2023). Two years COVID-19 pandemic: Development of university students\u2019 mental health 2020\u20132022. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1122256"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kozakiewicz, A., Izdebski, Z., Bia\u0142orudzki, M., and Mazur, J. (2023). Pandemic-related stress and other emotional difficulties in a sample of men and women living in romantic relationships during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20, (4).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20042988"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Larsen, M. (2023). Evolutionary approaches to domestic violence. Encyclopedia of domestic violence, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-85493-5_501-1"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1177\/0265407509347934","article-title":"Intrusiveness in romantic relationships: A cross-cultural perspective on imbalances between proximity and autonomy","volume":"26","author":"Lavy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Social and Personal Relationships"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2092","DOI":"10.1111\/fare.70167","article-title":"How to reciprocate with love? The impact of gift-giving on marital satisfaction","volume":"75","author":"Liang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Family Relations"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17","DOI":"10.1017\/jrr.2017.17","article-title":"Young adults\u2019 attachment orientations and psychological health across cultures: The moderating role of individualism and collectivism","volume":"8","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Relationships Research"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-statistics-040720-031104","article-title":"Missing data assumptions","volume":"8","author":"Little","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annual Review of Statistics and Its Application"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esxm.2021.100433","article-title":"Prevalence of intimate partner violence among men who have sex with men: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sexual Medicine"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2015.10.033","article-title":"Mate retention inventory-short form (MRI-SF): Adaptation to the Brazilian context","volume":"90","author":"Lopes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1080\/0092623X.2020.1810185","article-title":"Romantic relationship conflict due to the COVID-19 pandemic and changes in intimate and sexual behaviors in a nationally representative sample of American adults","volume":"46","author":"Luetke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Sex & Marital therapy"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380231193440","article-title":"Bidirectional violence in intimate relationships: A systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Machado","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trauma, Violence, & Abuse"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.98.2.224","article-title":"Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation","volume":"98","author":"Markus","year":"1991","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2009.03.002","article-title":"It\u2019s not all about her: Men\u2019s mate value and mate retention","volume":"47","author":"Miner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5374","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-020-01045-z","article-title":"Relationship satisfaction mediates the association between perceived partner mate-retention strategies and relationship commitment","volume":"41","author":"Nascimento","year":"2022","journal-title":"Current Psychology"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"261","article-title":"Uma medida de apego: Vers\u00e3o brasileira da experiences in close relationship scale\u2014Reduzida (ECR-R-Brasil)","volume":"31","author":"Natividade","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Newlove-Delgado, T., Marcheselli, F., Williams, T., Mandalia, D., Davis, J., McManus, S., Savic, M., Treloar, W., and Ford, T. (2022). Mental health of children and young people in England, 2022: Wave 3 follow up to the 2017 survey, NHS Digital. Available online: https:\/\/digital.nhs.uk\/data-and-information\/publications\/statistical\/mental-health-of-children-and-young-people-in-england\/2022-follow-up-to-the-2017-survey."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics (2025, September 05). Domestic abuse prevalence and trends, England and Wales: Year ending March 2022, Available online: https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/crimeandjustice\/articles\/domesticabuseprevalenceandtrendsenglandandwales\/yearendingmarch2022."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2024.101353","article-title":"Limitations of two time point data for understanding individual differences in longitudinal modelling\u2014What can difference reveal about change?","volume":"66","author":"Parsons","year":"2024","journal-title":"Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"NP20482","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605211052586","article-title":"Increases in intimate partner violence during COVID-19: Prevalence and correlates","volume":"37","author":"Peitzmeier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/jftr.12523","article-title":"How sociocultural contexts may shape the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on couples\u2019 relationships","volume":"16","author":"Pietromonaco","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Family Theory & Review"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.111331.2","article-title":"Lessons from COVID-19 for GCR governance: A research agenda","volume":"11","author":"Rietveld","year":"2024","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosa, R. J., Ara\u00fajo, J. S. T. D., Berra, T. Z., Ramos, A. C. V., Moura, H. S. D., Nascimento, M. C. D., T\u00e1rtaro, A. F., dos Santos Silva, R. V., Delpino, F. M., Fiorati, R. C., Teibo, T. K. A., Alves, Y. M., de Paiva, J. Q. R., Arcoverde, M. A. M., Scholze, A. R., Arc\u00eancio, R. X., and Arc\u00eancio, R. A. (2023). Factors associated with status and self-perceived mental health changes in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. PLoS Global Public Health, 3, (8).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0001636"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/63.3.581","article-title":"Inference and missing data","volume":"63","author":"Rubin","year":"1976","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harvey, J. H., and Wenzel, A. E. (2001). The Investment Model of commitment processes. Close romantic relationships: Maintenance and enhancement, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781410600462"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2015.05.008","article-title":"The negative reciprocity process in marital relationships: A literature review","volume":"24","author":"Salazar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aggression and Violent Behavior"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"NP5610","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260518805778","article-title":"Individual, community, and social network influences on beliefs concerning the acceptability of intimate partner violence in rural senegal","volume":"36","author":"Sandberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797617700622","article-title":"Global increases in individualism","volume":"28","author":"Santos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"858","article-title":"What about the Men? A critical review of men\u2019s experiences of intimate partner violence","volume":"24","author":"Varcoe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trauma, Violence & Abuse"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2018.02.009","article-title":"Attachment, caregiving in couple relationships, and prosocial behavior in the wider world","volume":"25","author":"Shaver","year":"2019","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Psychology"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.21711","article-title":"Female undergraduate\u2019s perceptions of intrusive behavior in 12 countries","volume":"43","author":"Sheridan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aggressive Behavior"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2016.04.006","article-title":"Adult attachment, stress, and romantic relationships","volume":"13","author":"Simpson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Psychology"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1177\/00332941211043451","article-title":"COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown: Associations with personality and stress components","volume":"126","author":"Smrdu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychological Reports"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1111\/famp.12545","article-title":"The association between attachment styles and physical intimate partner violence perpetration and victimization: A meta-analysis","volume":"60","author":"Spencer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Family Process"},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Statista (2026, July 05). Cumulative number of coronavirus (COVID-19) cases in the United Kingdom (UK) as of January 13, 2023 [Graph], Available online: https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/1101958\/cumulative-coronavirus-cases-in-the-uk\/."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380211050595","article-title":"The relation of anxiety and avoidance dimensions of attachment to intimate partner violence: A meta-analysis about victims","volume":"24","author":"Stefania","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trauma, Violence, & Abuse"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1177\/13591053241260672","article-title":"Relational conflicts during COVID-19: Impact of loss and reduction of employment due to prevention measures and the influence of sex and stress (in the iCARE study)","volume":"30","author":"Tremblay","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Health Psychology"},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Tudor, S. (2023, September 10). Tackling violence against women and girls in the UK. House of Lords Library, Available online: https:\/\/lordslibrary.parliament.uk\/tackling-violence-against-women-and-girls-in-the-uk\/."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-015-9744-4","article-title":"Temporal changes in intimate partner violence and relationship satisfaction","volume":"30","author":"Ulloa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Family Violence"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e504","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(22)00088-2","article-title":"Extreme events and gender-based violence: A mixed-methods systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Davey","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Lancet Planetary Health"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Velotti, P., Beomonte Zobel, S., Rogier, G., and Tambelli, R. (2018). Exploring relationships: A systematic review on intimate partner violence and attachment. Frontiers in Psychology, 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.01166"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1177\/1748895817743541","article-title":"Untangling the concept of coercive control: Theorizing domestic violent crime","volume":"18","author":"Walby","year":"2018","journal-title":"Criminology & Criminal Justice"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1080\/00223890701268041","article-title":"The experiences in close relationship scale (ECR)-short form: Reliability, validity, and factor structure","volume":"88","author":"Wei","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Personality Assessment"},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2026, July 06). Violence against women: Intimate partner violence, Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/violence-against-women."}],"container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/16\/8\/1388\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T04:20:58Z","timestamp":1786681258000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/16\/8\/1388"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["bs16081388"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bs16081388","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-328X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-328X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]}}}