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Sci.","Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates how social crowding (e.g., overcrowded environments) influences individuals\u2019 preferences for different modes of shared consumption (sharing-in vs. sharing-out). While existing research has predominantly explored shared consumption through the perspective of non-psychosocial environmental factors (e.g., time scarcity), this study shifts the focus to psychosocial environmental factors by analyzing the underlying mechanism through which social crowding shapes preferences for these modes of shared consumption. We conducted one field experiment and three scenario-based laboratory experiments to manipulate social crowding (vs. non-social crowding) across three distinct contexts: (1) restaurant-based social scenarios, (2) shopping mall consumption contexts, and (3) beach tourism settings. Across these experiments, diverse categories of shared goods were employed to examine participants\u2019 preferences for sharing-in versus sharing-out. The findings demonstrate that social crowding increases individuals\u2019 preference for sharing with close friends (i.e., sharing-in), whereas non-social crowding enhances their preference for sharing with strangers (i.e., sharing-out). This relationship is mediated by psychological distance. Furthermore, resource mindset (scarcity vs. abundance) moderates this effect. Specifically, under a scarcity mindset, social crowding strengthens preferences for sharing-in, whereas under an abundance mindset, it promotes preferences for sharing-out. By conceptualizing shared consumption from a psychosocial environmental perspective, this research extends current understanding of how environmental social cues shape interpersonal consumption decisions and provides practical implications for collaborative consumption platforms, hospitality services, retail environments, tourism destinations, and public service design. Specifically, platform managers and service designers can strategically optimize spatial layouts and perceived crowding levels to strengthen social connectedness among close friends or foster positive interactions between strangers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs16081394","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T13:12:56Z","timestamp":1786713176000},"page":"1394","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Social Crowding and Shared Consumption with Close Friends Versus Strangers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Lingling","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Nanning Normal University, No. 3, Hexing Road, Qingxiu District, Nanning 530299, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2175-9943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wencai","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Nanning Normal University, No. 3, Hexing Road, Qingxiu District, Nanning 530299, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuqi","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Nanning Normal University, No. 3, Hexing Road, Qingxiu District, Nanning 530299, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1174-6858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shichang","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Business, Guangxi University, No. 100, Daxue Dong Road, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Nanning Normal University, No. 3, Hexing Road, Qingxiu District, Nanning 530299, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingrui","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwich Business School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2024.114643","article-title":"Careless product use in access-based services: A rebound effect and how to address it","volume":"177","author":"Ackermann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Allied Market Research (2025, June 11). 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