{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T12:23:53Z","timestamp":1787142233005,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behav. Sci.","Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The relationship between father involvement and child development has received increasing attention. This study employed a three-level meta-analytic model with the aims of clarifying the relationship between father involvement and children\u2019s social behaviors (positive\/negative) and analyzing the factors influencing the differences in this relationship. Through literature retrieval and screening, 37 studies were included in this research, and a total of 249 effect sizes were extracted. The results of the meta-analysis show that there is a moderate positive correlation (r = 0.203) between father involvement and children\u2019s positive social behavior, and a low negative correlation (r = \u22120.087) between father involvement and children\u2019s negative social behavior. This relationship was significantly moderated by children\u2019s age stage, family socioeconomic status, type of father involvement, reporter of father involvement, cultural background and study quality, while children\u2019s gender exerted no moderating effect. These findings highlight the importance of the father\u2019s role in the development of children\u2019s social behaviors. Future research could further focus on the quality of father involvement in different cultural backgrounds and the impact of mother involvement on children\u2019s development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs16081426","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T11:04:12Z","timestamp":1787137452000},"page":"1426","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Father Involvement and Children\u2019s Social Behavior: A Three-Level Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7563-5249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiyang","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Teacher Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6909-1751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Teacher Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1177\/0192513X02023005003","article-title":"Fathers\u2019 child care and children\u2019s behavior problems","volume":"23","author":"Aldous","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Family Issues"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.14417\/ap.1553","article-title":"Perfis de envolvimento relativo do pai e ajustamento social de crian\u00e7as em jardim-de-inf\u00e2ncia","volume":"37","author":"Amaral","year":"2019","journal-title":"An\u00e1lise Psicol\u00f3gica"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.2307\/353755","article-title":"Paternal involvement and children\u2019s behavior problems","volume":"61","author":"Amato","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Marriage and the Family"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.20982\/tqmp.12.3.p154","article-title":"Fitting three-level meta-analytic models in R: A step-by-step tutorial","volume":"12","author":"Assink","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Quantitative Methods for Psychology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bag\u00e1n, G., Tur-Porcar, A. 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