{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T09:24:36Z","timestamp":1787217876372,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behav. Sci.","Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a ten-week yoga exercise program, implemented for probation employees, on psychological characteristics, cognitive distortions, communication skills, and intolerance of uncertainty. The Cognitive Distortion Scale, the Brief Symptom Inventory, the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale, and the Communication Skills Scale were administered to 71 volunteer employees. Thirty-three employees who indicated they would regularly participate in the yoga exercise program were assigned to the intervention group, and 38 employees were assigned to the control group. A quasi-experimental pretest\u2013posttest control group design was employed. Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS 24 software. The intervention group showed a significant adjusted posttest advantage in communication skills, although the time \u00d7 group interaction was not significant. Psychological symptom scores showed favorable within-group reductions in anxiety, depression, and hostility in the intervention group; however, the adjusted group and time \u00d7 group effects for overall symptoms were not significant. The total cognitive distortion scores showed a nonsignificant favorable trend. Conversely, intolerance of uncertainty increased significantly more in the intervention group than in the control group, indicating an unfavorable change. The yoga exercise regimen demonstrated limited and mixed effects in reducing anxiety, depression, and feelings of hostility within a group setting, and improving communication skills. The findings suggest that yoga can be integrated into institutional training and psychological support programs for employees.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs16081432","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T08:10:20Z","timestamp":1787213420000},"page":"1432","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of a Yoga Exercise Program on Cognitive Distortion, Communication Skills, Intolerance of Uncertainty, and Psychological Characteristics Among Probationary Employees"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1206-2877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Z. Dilay","family":"Ekiz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Inst\u0131tute of Health, Kocaeli University, \u0130zmit 41000, Kocaeli, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1974-4117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elif","family":"Karagun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport Science Faculty, Kocaeli University, \u0130zmit 41000, Kocaeli, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.69.2.334","article-title":"The Hawthorne effect: A reconsideration of the methodological artifact","volume":"69","author":"Adair","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"175","article-title":"Validity and reliability study of the Turkish form of the cognitive distortion scale","volume":"12","author":"Yavuzer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Akdeniz E\u011fitim Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 Dergisi"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s13030-023-00276-3","article-title":"Perceived benefit of yoga among adults who have practiced yoga for a long time: A qualitative study","volume":"17","author":"Akdeniz","year":"2023","journal-title":"BioPsychosocial Medicine"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Altan-Atalay, A., Abdollahpour Ranjbar, H., and Alt\u0131nta\u015f, S. (2025). The associations between deviation from the balanced time perspective and depression and anxiety: The moderator role of mindfulness in a two-wave study. Psychological Reports.","DOI":"10.1177\/00332941251343535"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"K\u00f6ro\u011flu, E. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: Fourth edition (DSM-IV-TR), Physicians\u2019 Publishing Association."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"88","article-title":"Burnout, fear of Covid, depression, occupational satisfaction levels and related factors in healthcare professionals","volume":"46","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cukurova Medical Journal"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Ata\u00e7, S., and Nursal, N. (2006). Probation and assistance system, Yetkin Publications. [1st ed.]. Available online: https:\/\/yetkin.com.tr\/denetimli-serbestlik-ve-yardim-sistemi-1256."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"125","article-title":"Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention: A conceptual and empirical review","volume":"10","author":"Baer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/S1077-7229(05)80057-4","article-title":"Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy applied to binge eating: A case study","volume":"12","author":"Baer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cognitive and Behavioral Practice"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1108\/02683940710733115","article-title":"The job demands\u2013resources model: State of the art","volume":"22","author":"Bakker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Managerial Psychology"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"97","article-title":"Long-term effects of hatha yoga on heart rate variability in healthy practitioners: Potential benefits for cardiovascular risk reduction","volume":"29","author":"Balakrishnan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alternative Therapies in Health & Medicine"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Balta\u015f, A., and Balta\u015f, Z. (1990). Stresle ba\u015fa \u00e7ikma yollari, Remzi. [9th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"17","article-title":"The levels of organizational stress and job satisfaction of coaches and sports training specialists","volume":"7","author":"Ekiz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Education and Teaching"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Beck, A. T., Freeman, A., and Davis, D. D. (2004). Cognitive therapy of personality disorders, Guilford Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2021.101514","article-title":"How does yoga practice and therapy yield psychological benefits? A review and model of transdiagnostic processes","volume":"46","author":"Bennetts","year":"2022","journal-title":"Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Briere, J. (2000). Cognitive distortion scales, PAR Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30460-8","article-title":"The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence","volume":"395","author":"Brooks","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2005.11.189","article-title":"Sudarshan kriya yoga breathing for treating stress, anxiety, and depression: Part I neurophysiological model","volume":"11","author":"Brown","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"215","article-title":"The relationship between cognitive distortion level and depression and anxiety level: A systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Bulut","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bal\u0131kesir Journal of Health Sciences"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"165410","article-title":"Effects of yoga on mental and physical health: A short summary of reviews","volume":"2012","author":"Michalsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Can, A. (2020). Quantitative data analysis in the scientific research process with SPSS, Pegem Publishing."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2016.02.007","article-title":"Into the unknown: A review and synthesis of contemporary models involving uncertainty","volume":"39","author":"Carleton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Anxiety Disorders"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cayoun, B. A., and Shires, A. G. (2020). Co-emergence reinforcement and its relevance to interoceptive desensitization in mindfulness and therapies aiming at transdiagnostic efficacy. Frontiers in Psychology, 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.545945"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.35365\/ctjpp.19.1.21","article-title":"Examination of psychological symptoms and psychological resilience in healthcare workers","volume":"1","author":"Cevizci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cyprus Turkish Journal of Psychiatry and Psychology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.059","article-title":"Mindfulness-based resilience training to reduce health risk, stress reactivity, and aggression among law enforcement officers: A feasibility and preliminary efficacy trial","volume":"264","author":"Christopher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e31825e1492","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of yoga for low back pain","volume":"29","author":"Cramer","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Clinical Journal of Pain"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Creswell, J. W., and Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approach, SAGE Publications. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"\u00c7ak\u0131ro\u011flu, M. (2018). Factors associated with secondary traumatic stress in psychologists working in penal institutions and probation offices. [Master\u2019s thesis, Kocaeli University]."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Derogatis, L. R. (1994). Symptom checklist 90-R: Administration, scoring, and procedures manual, National Computer Systems. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.94.3.361","article-title":"Improving the reporting quality of nonrandomized evaluations of behavioral and public health interventions: The trend statement","volume":"94","author":"Lyles","year":"2004","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25801","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000025801","article-title":"Yoga complemented cognitive behavioral therapy on job burnout among teachers of children with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"100","author":"Dike","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/bjop.12338","article-title":"Does your mindfulness benefit others? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the link between mindfulness and prosocial behaviour","volume":"110","author":"Donald","year":"2019","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005553414688","article-title":"Intolerance of uncertainty and worry: Investigating specificity in a nonclinical sample","volume":"25","author":"Dugas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cognitive Therapy and Research"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Duras, T. (2022). Investigation of the relationship between cognitive distortions and burnout levels in teachers. [Master\u2019s thesis, Istanbul Gelisim University Graduate Education Institute]."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1111\/sjop.12820","article-title":"The role of covid-19 anxiety and intolerance of uncertainty in predicting resilience","volume":"63","author":"Duru","year":"2022","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"269","article-title":"The effect of internal marketing on physical education and sports teachers\u2019 job performance","volume":"7","author":"Duyan","year":"2020","journal-title":"European Journal of Education Studies"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Ekinci, M. (2019). Examining trauma-related cognitions as predictors of stress symptoms and posttraumatic growth in traumatized patients. [Mater\u2019s thesis, Gaziantep University]."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elliott, T. R., Perrin, P. B., Bell, A.-S., Powers, M. B., and Warren, A. M. (2021). Resilience, coping, and distress among healthcare service personnel during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Psychiatry, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-021-03506-6"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farb, N., Daubenmier, J., Price, C. J., Gard, T., Kerr, C., Dunn, B. D., Klein, A. C., Paulus, M. P., and Mehling, W. E. (2015). Interoception, contemplative practice, and health. Frontiers in Psychology, 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.00763"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2010.09.007","article-title":"Yoga clinical research review","volume":"17","author":"Field","year":"2011","journal-title":"Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2016.03.011","article-title":"The relationship between yoga involvement, mindfulness and psychological well-being","volume":"26","author":"Gaiswinkler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Complementary Therapies in Medicine"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12348","article-title":"The potential effects of meditation on age-related cognitive decline","volume":"1307","author":"Gard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.13018","article-title":"Meditation programs for psychological stress and well-being: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"174","author":"Goyal","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Internal Medicine"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"10","article-title":"Secondary traumatic stress in helping professionals","volume":"31","author":"Erden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Turkish Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1097\/NNR.0b013e3181f2e6ff","article-title":"Effect of Iyengar yoga on mental health of incarcerated women","volume":"59","author":"Hanlon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nursing Research"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1080\/23774657.2021.1900756","article-title":"Mindfulness training for correctional staff: A randomized pilot study","volume":"8","author":"Hillhouse","year":"2023","journal-title":"Corrections"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.44.3.513","article-title":"Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress","volume":"44","author":"Hobfoll","year":"1989","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"g1687","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g1687","article-title":"Better reporting of interventions: Template for intervention description and replication (TIDieR) checklist and guide","volume":"348","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, Z., Wen, Y., Wang, Y., Lin, Y., Shi, J., Yu, Z., Lin, Y., and Wang, Y. (2022). Effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions on empathy: A meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.992575"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-220755","article-title":"Cognitive resilience in brain health and dementia research","volume":"90","author":"Joshi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Kabat-Zinn, J. (1990). Full catastrophe living: Using the wisdom of your body and mind to face stress, pain, and illness, Delacorte Press."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"41","article-title":"Secondary traumatic stress","volume":"Vol. 17","author":"Kaptanoglu","year":"1997","journal-title":"Human rights foundation of Turkey treatment and rehabilitation centers report"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"119","article-title":"The mediating role of optimism in the relationship between psychological resilience and psychological well-being: A study on hospital employees","volume":"3","year":"2016","journal-title":"\u0130\u015f ve \u0130nsan Dergisi"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"139","article-title":"Sosyal fobi \u00f6zellikleri g\u00f6steren \u00fcniversite \u00f6\u011frencilerinde rekreatif aktivitelerin fobik tutumlar \u00fczerine etkisinin ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131","volume":"11","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2020.110592","article-title":"The relationships between resilience of the adults affected by the COVID pandemic in Turkey and COVID-19 fear, meaning in life, life satisfaction, intolerance of uncertainty and hope","volume":"172","author":"Tagay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Kaya, N. (2015). Examination of psychological trauma symptoms in healthcare workers (van earthquake example). [Unpublished Master\u2019s thesis, Van Y\u00fcz\u00fcnc\u00fc Y\u0131l University]."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.1902","article-title":"Yoga-enhanced cognitive behavioural therapy (Y-CBT) for anxiety management: A pilot study","volume":"22","author":"Khalsa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1093\/bjsw\/bcq088","article-title":"Exploring stress resilience in social workers","volume":"41","author":"Kinman","year":"2011","journal-title":"British Journal of Social Work"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"167","article-title":"The functionality of sport in coping with psychological trauma caused by violence","volume":"18","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Social Sciences"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"51","article-title":"Development of the Communication Skills Scale: Validity and reliability study","volume":"10","author":"Bugay","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mersin University Faculty of Education Journal"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)62222-4","article-title":"Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy compared with maintenance antidepressant treatment in the prevention of depressive relapse or recurrence (prevent): A randomised controlled trial","volume":"386","author":"Kuyken","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.27285","article-title":"A systematic review of cognitive-behavioral treatment for nightmares: Toward a well-established treatment","volume":"4","author":"Lancee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2016.08.017","article-title":"Cognitive effects of MBSR\/MBCT: A systematic review of neuropsychological outcomes","volume":"45","author":"Lao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Consciousness and Cognition"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"La Torre, G., Raffone, A., Peruzzo, M., Calabrese, L., Cocchiara, R. A., D\u2019Egidio, V., Leggieri, P. F., Dorelli, B., Zaffina, S., Mannocci, A., and YOMIN Collaborative Group (2020). Yoga and mindfulness as a tool for influencing affectivity, anxiety, mental health, and stress among healthcare workers: Results of a single-arm clinical trial. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9, (4).","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9041037"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/nuf.12297","article-title":"Efect of resilience on intolerance of uncertainty in nursing university students","volume":"54","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nursing Forum"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lindahl, J. R., Fisher, N. E., Cooper, D. J., Rosen, R. K., and Britton, W. B. (2017). The varieties of contemplative experience: A mixed-methods study of meditation-related challenges in Western Buddhists. PLoS ONE, 12, (5).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0176239"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-017-0841-8","article-title":"A systematic review of the effects of meditation on empathy and prosocial behavior","volume":"9","author":"Luberto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"6090","article-title":"Farkl\u0131 yoga formlar\u0131n\u0131n fizyolojik ve psikolojik stres \u00fczerindeki akut etkilerinin kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131: Bir pilot \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma","volume":"17","author":"Marshall","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCarney, R., Warner, J., Iliffe, S., van Haselen, R., Griffin, M., and Fisher, P. (2007). The Hawthorne effect: A randomised, controlled trial. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-7-30"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.1977.tb00599.x","article-title":"Oral communication apprehension: A summary of recent theory and research","volume":"4","author":"McCroskey","year":"1977","journal-title":"Human Communication Research"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehling, W. E., Price, C., Daubenmier, J. J., Acree, M., Bartmess, E., and Stewart, A. (2012). The multidimensional assessment of interoceptive awareness (MAIA). PLoS ONE, 7, (11).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0048230"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.08.132","article-title":"Targeting intolerance of uncertainty in treatment: A meta-analysis of therapeutic effects, treatment moderators, and underlying mechanisms","volume":"341","author":"Miller","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Montes, C. M., Penzenstadler, B., and Feldt, R. (2025). The factors influencing well-being in software engineers: A cross-Country mixed-method study. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"1210","article-title":"Staff well-being in correctional settings","volume":"60","author":"Muirhead","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nishimura, Y., Miyoshi, T., Hagiya, H., Kosaki, Y., and Otsuka, F. (2021). Burnout of healthcare workers amid the COVID-19 pandemic: Japanese cross-sectional survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18, (5).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18052434"},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"280","article-title":"Effect of pilates exercise on cognitive distortion, stress coping and psychological endurance of women victim of violence","volume":"62","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1207\/s15430421tip4102_8","article-title":"Gender and perceived self-efficacy in self-regulated learning","volume":"41","author":"Pajares","year":"2002","journal-title":"Theory into Practice"},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Parlar Yaz\u0131c\u0131, S. (2024). The mediating role of mindfulness in the relationship between anxiety and intolerance of uncertainty. [Doctoral dissertation, University of Plymouth]."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2015.07.013","article-title":"A systematic review of randomised control trials on the effects of yoga on stress measures and mood","volume":"68","author":"Pascoe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatric Research"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2017.08.008","article-title":"Yoga, mindfulness-based stress reduction and stress-related physiological measures: A meta-analysis","volume":"86","author":"Pascoe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-022-00385-4","article-title":"Feasibility and impact of a remote moderate-intensity yoga intervention on stress and executive functioning in working adults: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"46","author":"Phansikar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Medicine"},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Porges, S. W. (2011). The polyvagal theory: Neurophysiological foundations of emotions, attachment, communication, and self-regulation, W. W. Norton & Company."},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"Probation Department (2026, August 01). Probation Services Law, Law No. 5402, Available online: https:\/\/cte.adalet.gov.tr\/Home\/SayfaDetay\/ds-genel-bilgi."},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Probation Law (2022, July 10). Official gazette, Available online: www.resmigazete.gov.tr\/eskiler\/2005\/07\/20050720-1.htm."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2012.01.014","article-title":"Improvement in physiological and psychological parameters after 6 months of yoga practice","volume":"21","author":"Rocha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Consciousness and Cognition"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2009.0044","article-title":"The health benefits of yoga and exercise: A review of comparison studies","volume":"16","author":"Ross","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine"},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"CD002892","article-title":"Preventing occupational stress in healthcare workers","volume":"11","author":"Ruotsalainen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2023.102270","article-title":"Intolerance of uncertainty and emotion regulation: A meta-analytic and systematic review","volume":"101","author":"Sahib","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"44","article-title":"Brief symptom inventory (BSI): Adaptation for Turkish youth [A study of the brief symptom inventory in Turkish youth]","volume":"9","author":"Sahin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Turkish Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2012.06.242","article-title":"Relationship between physical activity and its components with burnout in academic members of daregaz universities","volume":"46","author":"Sane","year":"2012","journal-title":"Procedia\u2014Social and Behavioral Sciences"},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"261","article-title":"Turkish adaptation, validity and reliability of the intolerance of uncertainty scale, positive beliefs about anxiety scale and the consequences of anxiety scale","volume":"10","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1980","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-020-00294-0","article-title":"Adaptation of the fear of COVID-19 scale: It\u2019s association with psychological distress and life satisfaction in Turkey","volume":"19","author":"Satici","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction"},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"Shadish, W. R., Cook, T. D., and Campbell, D. T. (2002). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for generalized causal inference, Houghton Mifflin."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-014-9513-2","article-title":"Meditation Awareness Training (MAT) for work-related wellbeing and job performance: A randomised controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"Shonin","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tate.2009.11.001","article-title":"Teacher self-efficacy and out: A study of relations","volume":"26","author":"Skaalvik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Teaching and Teacher Education"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1037\/a0025189","article-title":"Mindfulness is associated with fewer PTSD symptoms, depressive symptoms, physical symptoms, and alcohol problems in urban firefighters","volume":"79","author":"Smith","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1080\/10509674.2021.2017385","article-title":"An evaluation of a yoga program designed for correctional administrators and officers","volume":"61","author":"Smith","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Offender Rehabilitation"},{"key":"ref_98","unstructured":"Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., Lushene, R. E., Vagg, P. R., and Jacobs, G. A. (1983). Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory: STAI (Form Y), Consulting Psychologists Press."},{"key":"ref_99","unstructured":"Spinaris, C. G., Denhof, M. D., and Kellaway, J. A. (2012). Posttraumatic stress disorder in United States corrections professionals: Prevalence and impact on health and functioning. Desert Waters Correctional Outreach, 1\u201332."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2012.01.021","article-title":"Effects of yoga on the autonomic nervous system","volume":"78","author":"Streeter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Medical Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1177\/1534735409331456","article-title":"Effects of a yoga program on cortisol rhythm and mood states in early breast Cancer patients undergoing adjuvant radiotherapy: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"8","author":"Vadiraja","year":"2009","journal-title":"Integrative Cancer Therapies"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valdesalici, A., Cerea, S., Pecunioso, A., Paoli, A., Grigolin, G., Nardelli, R., Armenti, A., and Ghisi, M. (2024). Promoting workplace psychological wellbeing through Yoga and Tai Chi classes in female university employees. Frontiers in Psychology, 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1502426"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e559","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.13m08561","article-title":"Yoga as an adjunctive treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"75","author":"Stone","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_104","unstructured":"Varkal, Y. Z. (2019). The effect of yoga and pilates on the quality of life of public employees: The case of Isparta (Thesis No. 581142). [Master\u2019s thesis, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, National Thesis Center]."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2020.05.003","article-title":"Stress resilience during the coronavirus pandemic","volume":"35","author":"Vinkers","year":"2020","journal-title":"European Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"1","article-title":"Police suicide and secondary trauma","volume":"14","author":"Violanti","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Emergency Mental Health"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1249\/JES.0000000000000311","article-title":"Yoga affects cognitive health: Neurophysiological changes and stress regulation mechanisms","volume":"51","author":"Voss","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.59588\/2350-8329.1495","article-title":"Langerian mindfulness reduces learned helplessness: An online experiment on undergraduates in Malaysia","volume":"23","author":"Wong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Asia-Pacific Social Science Review"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-6131.85485","article-title":"Exploring the therapeutic effects of yoga and its ability to increase quality of life","volume":"4","author":"Woodyard","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Yoga"},{"key":"ref_110","first-page":"317","article-title":"The historical development process of probation in the Turkish criminal justice system","volume":"100","author":"Yavuz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Turkish Bar Association Journal"},{"key":"ref_111","unstructured":"Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m, A. (Current Psychology, 2025). Yoga practice, effective communication skills, and family interaction patterns, Current Psychology, Advanced online publication."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4020","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.15425","article-title":"The relationship between resilience, anxiety and depression among patients with mild symptoms of COVID-19 in China: A cross-sectional study","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Nursing"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zok, A., Matecka, M., Bienkowski, A., and Ciesla, M. (2024). Reduce stress and the risk of burnout by using yoga techniques. Pilot study. Frontiers in Public Health, 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1370399"}],"container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/16\/8\/1432\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T08:39:47Z","timestamp":1787215187000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/16\/8\/1432"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"references-count":113,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["bs16081432"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bs16081432","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-328X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-328X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]}}}