{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T05:19:00Z","timestamp":1787635140265,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behav. Sci.","Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Psychological capital (PsyCap), comprising optimism, hope, self-efficacy, and resilience, is an important positive psychological resource associated with well-being and adaptive functioning. The present study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Lithuanian version of the revised Compound Psychological Capital Scale (CPC-12R) and to examine its associations with nature exposure and physical activity. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 1255 Lithuanian adults aged 18\u201370 years (mean age 39.51 \u00b1 13.84 years), and 64.4% were women. The total sample was randomly divided into exploratory (n = 628) and confirmatory factor analysis (n = 627) subsamples. Exploratory factor analysis supported a two-factor structure separating optimism from the remaining CPC-12R dimensions, whereas confirmatory factor analysis supported the theoretically expected second-order model comprising optimism, hope, self-efficacy, and resilience as first-order factors reflected by a higher-order PsyCap construct. The second-order model demonstrated good fit (robust CFI = 0.963, robust TLI = 0.952, robust RMSEA = 0.074, SRMR = 0.042) and strict measurement invariance across gender and place-of residence groups. Internal consistency was satisfactory to good for all subscales (McDonald\u2019s \u03c9 = 0.79\u20130.85) and excellent for the total scale (\u03c9 = 0.93). Evidence of convergent validity was demonstrated through positive associations with self-esteem and life satisfaction and negative associations with psychological distress and poorer mental health. Furthermore, PsyCap explained a small but significant proportion of additional variance in mental health difficulties beyond self-esteem, life satisfaction, and psychological distress. PsyCap was positively associated with nature exposure, physical activity in nature, and leisure-time exercise. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that greater nature exposure and more frequent physical activity in nature were independently positively associated with PsyCap after accounting for sociodemographic characteristics, whereas leisure-time exercise was not. Overall, the findings support the reliability and validity of the Lithuanian CPC-12R, particularly its total score, although the EFA results suggest caution when interpreting the four subscale scores separately. The cross-sectional findings further identify engagement with natural environments as a meaningful behavioural correlate of PsyCap.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs16081454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T14:20:36Z","timestamp":1787322036000},"page":"1454","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Psychometric Evaluation of the Lithuanian Version of the Revised Compound Psychological Capital Scale (CPC-12R) and Its Associations with Nature Exposure and Physical Activity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9819-2316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Migle","family":"Baceviciene","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Research and Innovation Science Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Klaipeda University, 92294 Klaipeda, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9986-9771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vaiva","family":"Balciuniene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Research and Innovation Science Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Klaipeda University, 92294 Klaipeda, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5950-0884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rasa","family":"Jankauskiene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Research and Innovation Science Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Klaipeda University, 92294 Klaipeda, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2018.12.020","article-title":"The empowering variability of affordances of nature: Why do exercisers feel better after performing the same exercise in natural environments than in indoor environments?","volume":"42","author":"Brymer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychology of Sport and Exercise"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1002\/hrdq.20070","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the impact of positive psychological capital on employee attitudes, behaviors, and performance","volume":"22","author":"Avey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Human Resource Development Quarterly"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"66","article-title":"The relationship between nature exposure and life satisfaction in a sample of working-age Lithuanian residents: The role of nature connectedness, mindful awareness, and mental health","volume":"110","year":"2025","journal-title":"Visuomen\u0117s Sveikata\/Public Health"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banwell, N., Michel, S., and Senn, N. 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