{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T05:17:59Z","timestamp":1787807879088,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behav. Sci.","Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This systematic review synthesises computational models of language deficits in bilingual aphasia, focusing on code-switching and translation. Per the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, this study identified 42 publications (2010\u20132025). Of the three deficit types, lexical retrieval and naming deficit simulations are most mature, replicating naming errors and predicting cross-language generalisation. Code-switching and translation deficit modelling is extremely limited: only a single computational lesioning study has addressed both through mechanistic simulation. Machine learning methods show preliminary promise for predicting treatment outcomes but remain largely data-driven. Three key challenges emerge: (1) methodological fragmentation\u2014heterogeneous model types, lesion implementations, and evaluation metrics, with no standardised quantitative validation; (2) an underdeveloped theoretical foundation, as most studies are confined to behavioural fitting rather than testing hypotheses on impaired language control via computational lesions; (3) limited clinical translation, with few predictive studies integrating longitudinal patient data, with approximately 70% of studies concentrated in North America\/Western Europe and biased toward English\u2013Spanish bilinguals, limiting theoretical generalisability. Future work should shift from behavioural fitting to explainable mechanistic simulation, develop predictive frameworks for personalised rehabilitation, and establish standardised protocols bridging computational modelling with clinical application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs16091486","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T15:01:07Z","timestamp":1787670067000},"page":"1486","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Computational Models for Bilingual Aphasia: A Systematic Review of Language Deficit Research with a Focus on Code-Switching and Translation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0294-226X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Si","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Foreign Languages, Anhui University of Technology, Ma\u2019anshan 243002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0432-8292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruilan","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of International Education, Anhui University of Technology, Ma\u2019anshan 243002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sijia","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of International Education, Anhui University of Technology, Ma\u2019anshan 243002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroling.2006.10.003","article-title":"Bilingual language production: The neurocognition of language representation and control","volume":"20","author":"Abutalebi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Neurolinguistics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2023.2199463","article-title":"From concept to practice: A scoping review of the application of AI to aphasia diagnosis and management","volume":"46","author":"Adikari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Disability and Rehabilitation"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603085","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/603085","article-title":"Aphasia therapy in the age of globalization: Cross-linguistic therapy effects in bilingual aphasia","volume":"2014","author":"Ansaldo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Behavioural Neurology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24158","article-title":"Does bilingualism influence cognitive aging?","volume":"75","author":"Bak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1080\/02643294.2025.2573171","article-title":"Cross-linguistic asymmetries in language production and code-switching patterns in bilingual aphasia","volume":"43","author":"Balasubramanian","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cognitive Neuropsychology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bao, C., Huo, C., Chen, Q., and Gao, C. 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