{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T03:14:33Z","timestamp":1788146073005,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behav. Sci.","Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parental psychological resources are important factors that may impact the academic self-efficacy of adolescents. Drawing on family systems, social cognitive, and psychological capital theories, this study employed a questionnaire survey design to examine the associations between adolescents\u2019 perceived parental psychological capital and their academic self-efficacy and to investigate the mediating role of perceived parental educational involvement. Furthermore, father- and mother-related pathways were compared to identify potential differences in both direct and indirect effects. Validated questionnaires were completed by a total of 472 students, and structural equation models were estimated separately for father- and mother-related pathways. Differences in direct effects were examined using chi-square difference tests between constrained and unconstrained models, while differences in indirect effects were assessed using bootstrapped confidence intervals. The results showed that both perceived father\u2019s psychological capital and mother\u2019s psychological capital were positively associated with adolescents\u2019 academic self-efficacy, with paternal and maternal educational involvement partially mediating these associations. Comparative analyses showed that the association between mothers\u2019 educational involvement and adolescents\u2019 academic self-efficacy was stronger than that between fathers\u2019 educational involvement and adolescents\u2019 academic self-efficacy, whereas no significant difference was found between father- and mother-related psychological capital pathways. In addition, the indirect effect through mothers\u2019 educational involvement was significantly stronger than that through fathers\u2019 educational involvement, suggesting differential parental pathways in adolescents\u2019 academic development. These findings highlight the importance of adolescents\u2019 perceptions of parental psychological resources and educational involvement in promoting academic confidence and motivation, providing practical implications for parent-focused interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs16091525","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T02:08:58Z","timestamp":1788142138000},"page":"1525","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From Resources to Beliefs: The Mediating Roles of Parental Educational Involvement in the Association Between Parental Psychological Capital and Adolescents\u2019 Academic Self-Efficacy in Shanxi Province, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5990-8994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ting","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Yuncheng University, Yuncheng 044000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Asmah","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Engku Mardiah Engku","family":"Kamarudin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/cch.12661","article-title":"The role of parental self-efficacy in parent and child well-being: A systematic review of associated outcomes","volume":"45","author":"Albanese","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child: Care, Health and Development"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"13","article-title":"A descriptive analysis and interpretation of data from Likert scales in educational and psychological research","volume":"12","author":"Alkharusi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Psychology and Education"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.84.2.191","article-title":"Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change","volume":"84","author":"Bandura","year":"1977","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Bandura, A. 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