{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T05:16:00Z","timestamp":1788412560936,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behav. Sci.","Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Research has documented the various effects of internet use on adolescent well-being. However, few studies have integrated the Displacement Hypothesis and the Stimulation Hypothesis to compare the effects of online and offline communication on the quality of interpersonal relationships among adolescents. Moreover, limited research has examined the role of age cohort in these relationships. The present study addresses these gaps by investigating the age-related differences in these associations. Specifically, we examined the influence of both online and offline communication on the quality of adolescents\u2019 interpersonal relationships and explored the moderating role of age cohort. Data were drawn from the China Family Panel Studies, a nationally representative survey. A cross-sectional sample of 1486 adolescents aged 10 to 15 years (54.4% boys and 45.6% girls) was analyzed using correlation, hierarchical regression, and bootstrap-based mediation analyses. The results indicated that adolescents who engaged in more online communication also tended to engage in more offline communication. Furthermore, both online and offline communication are jointly related to the quality of interpersonal relationships among adolescents. Importantly, age cohort was found to moderate the effects of both online and offline communication on the quality of interpersonal relationships. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs16091537","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T03:19:26Z","timestamp":1788232766000},"page":"1537","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Online\u2013Offline Social Interaction, Interpersonal Well-Being, and Age Cohort Resilience Among Chinese Adolescents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Mengru","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Media and International Culture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"},{"name":"International Communication Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1080\/07448480109595707","article-title":"Internet use among college students: An exploratory study","volume":"50","author":"Anderson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of American College Health"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5710890","DOI":"10.1155\/hbe2\/5710890","article-title":"The bidirectional longitudinal relations between problematic social media use and loneliness among adolescents: The indirect effect of active use","volume":"2026","author":"Angelini","year":"2026","journal-title":"Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2010.0208","article-title":"Daily patterns of communication and contact between Italian early adolescents and their friends","volume":"14","author":"Baiocco","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444804041438","article-title":"Social interactions across media: Interpersonal communication on the internet, telephone and face-to-face","volume":"6","author":"Baym","year":"2004","journal-title":"New Media & Society"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10763","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-67727-7","article-title":"The effect of social media on well-being differs from adolescent to adolescent","volume":"10","author":"Beyens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1080\/15213269.2024.2310834","article-title":"Examining the reciprocal relationship between social media use and perceived social support among adolescents: A smartphone ecological momentary assessment study","volume":"28","author":"Cho","year":"2025","journal-title":"Media Psychology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-007-9262-7","article-title":"Adolescents online: The importance of Internet activity choices to salient relationships","volume":"37","author":"Blais","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2009.0215","article-title":"The relationship of loneliness and social anxiety with children\u2019s and adolescents\u2019 online communication","volume":"13","author":"Bonetti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1997.80.3.879","article-title":"Parameters of Internet use, abuse and addiction: The first 90 days of the Internet usage survey","volume":"80","author":"Brenner","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychological Reports"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Feldman, S. 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