{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T05:16:54Z","timestamp":1788585414283,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01CE003296"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CE003296"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01CE003625"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CE003625"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["R01CE003296"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CE003296"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/042twtr12","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["R01CE003625"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CE003625"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/042twtr12","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behav. Sci.","Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Psychopathy is a multidimensional personality construct associated with substantial personal, familial, and societal burden. Among the various forms of psychopathology that co-occur with psychopathy, substance misuse represents one of its most prominent comorbidities. Despite growing interest in the psychopathy\u2013substance misuse association, most facet-level studies have been cross-sectional or have relied on lifetime indices of substance involvement, limiting understanding of whether distinct psychopathy facets uniquely predict subsequent substance-related problem severity. The present study prospectively examined whether the four psychopathy facets uniquely predicted six-month drug- and alcohol-related problem severity among adults recovering from a violent injury. Participants (N = 106) completed baseline assessments of the four psychopathy facets using the Self-Report Psychopathy Scale\u2013Short Form (SRP-SF) and drug- and alcohol-related problem severity using the Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST-10) and Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), with drug- and alcohol-related problem severity reassessed six months later. Separate multiple regression models examined whether the interpersonal, affective, lifestyle, and antisocial psychopathy facets uniquely predicted six-month drug- and alcohol-related problem severity after controlling for baseline drug and alcohol use severity, age, sex, race, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), history of head injury, and the substantial covariance among psychopathy facets. Affective psychopathic traits uniquely predicted greater six-month drug-related problem severity, whereas antisocial psychopathic traits uniquely predicted greater six-month alcohol-related problem severity. The remaining psychopathy facets were not uniquely associated with either outcome. These findings suggest that the psychopathy facets most strongly associated with substance misuse in cross-sectional research may differ from those that uniquely predict the persistence of drug- and alcohol-related problems over time, underscoring the importance of prospective facet-level research to inform etiological models, risk assessment, and targeted prevention and intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs16091560","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T09:20:43Z","timestamp":1788427243000},"page":"1560","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Psychopathy Facets Differentially Predict Drug- and Alcohol-Related Problems Following Violent Injury"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1475-2146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica J.","family":"James","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas D.","family":"Thomson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1038\/s44271-024-00133-1","article-title":"Diminished pain sensitivity mediates the relationship between psychopathic traits and reduced learning from pain","volume":"2","author":"Atanassova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Communications Psychology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2006.04.005","article-title":"The emergence of psychopathy: Implications for the neuropsychological approach to developmental disorders","volume":"101","author":"Blair","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2007.07.003","article-title":"The amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex in morality and psychopathy","volume":"11","author":"Blair","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2557","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0027","article-title":"The amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex: Functional contributions and dysfunction in psychopathy","volume":"363","author":"Blair","year":"2008","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3577","article-title":"The neurobiology of psychopathic traits in youths","volume":"14","author":"Blair","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2019.21.3\/rblair","article-title":"Dysfunctional neurocognition in individuals with clinically significant psychopathic traits","volume":"21","author":"Blair","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22059","article-title":"The posttraumatic stress disorder checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5): Development and initial psychometric evaluation","volume":"28","author":"Blevins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Traumatic Stress"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.2024.38.2.138","article-title":"Clarifying relations between core features of psychopathy and substance (Mis)use: A replication and extension in two large independent samples","volume":"38","author":"Brieman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Personality Disorders"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2022.111658","article-title":"No feelings for me, no feelings for you: A meta-analysis on alexithymia and empathy in psychopathy","volume":"194","author":"Burghart","year":"2022","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854820919915","article-title":"Psychopathic traits and victimization: What mechanisms mediate the relationship?","volume":"47","author":"Daigle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Criminal Justice and Behavior"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00282-1","article-title":"Psychopathy","volume":"7","author":"Forth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Disease Primers"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291715002457","article-title":"A prospective longitudinal model predicting early adult alcohol problems: Evidence for a robust externalizing pathway","volume":"46","author":"Edwards","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Patrick, C. J. (2018). Psychopathy and substance use disorders. Handbook of psychopathy, The Guilford Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Hare, R. D. (2003). The hare psychopathy checklist\u2014Revised, Multi-Health Systems."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091452","article-title":"Psychopathy as a clinical and empirical construct","volume":"4","author":"Hare","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annual Review of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.116.4.645","article-title":"Linking antisocial behavior, substance use, and personality: An integrative quantitative model of the adult externalizing spectrum","volume":"116","author":"Krueger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2028","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579422000670","article-title":"Predictors of problematic adult alcohol, cannabis, and other substance use: A longitudinal study of two samples","volume":"35","author":"Lansford","year":"2023","journal-title":"Development and Psychopathology"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380221150951","article-title":"Prevalence of alcohol and other drug use in patients presenting to hospital for violence-related injuries: A systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Lau","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trauma, Violence & Abuse"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.2007.21.2.102","article-title":"The super-ordinate nature of the psychopathy checklist-revised","volume":"21","author":"Neumann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Personality Disorders"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0009.12470","article-title":"Situating the continuum of overdose risk in the social determinants of health: A new conceptual framework","volume":"98","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Milbank Quarterly"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.2005.19.4.339","article-title":"Relations between psychopathy facets and externalizing in a criminal offender sample","volume":"19","author":"Patrick","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Personality Disorders"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1037\/a0034864","article-title":"Optimizing efficiency of psychopathology assessment through quantitative modeling: Development of a brief form of the externalizing spectrum inventory","volume":"25","author":"Patrick","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychological Assessment"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Paulhus, D. L., Neumann, C. S., and Hare, R. D. (2016). Manual for the self-report psychopathy scale, Multi-Health Systems. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"R Core Team (2026, June 15). R: A language and environment for statistical computing [Computer software], Available online: https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rutherford, M. J., Cacciola, J. S., Alterman, A. I., and Gacono, C. B. (2016). Psychopathy and substance abuse: A bad mix. The clinical and forensic assessment of psychopathy: A practitioner\u2019s guide, Routledge. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315764474-22"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02093.x","article-title":"Development of the alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT): WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption-II","volume":"88","author":"Saunders","year":"1993","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1177\/00914509231179226","article-title":"\u201cCriminalization causes the stigma\u201d: Perspectives from people who use drugs","volume":"50","author":"Scher","year":"2023","journal-title":"Contemporary Drug Problems"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4603(82)90005-3","article-title":"The drug abuse screening test","volume":"7","author":"Skinner","year":"1982","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0137-5","article-title":"Opioid use disorder","volume":"6","author":"Strang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Disease Primers"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-021-09948-2","article-title":"Psychopathy, the four facet model, and fearlessness: Testing sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system reactivity in a late adolescent sample","volume":"44","author":"Thomson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108127","article-title":"Socioeconomic marginalization and opioid-related overdose: A systematic review","volume":"214","author":"Tsang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DeLisi, M. (2018). Psychopathic traits and substance use. Routledge international handbook of psychopathy and crime, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315111476"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1002\/cbm.2353","article-title":"Psychopathy traits explain variance shared between features of substance use disorders and violence","volume":"34","author":"Vincent","year":"2024","journal-title":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2048","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-021-01087-2","article-title":"Addiction should be treated, not penalized","volume":"46","author":"Volkow","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.2007.21.3.273","article-title":"Beyond social deviance: Substance use disorders and the dimensions of psychopathy","volume":"21","author":"Walsh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Personality Disorders"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2018.03.007","article-title":"Personality profiles of substance and behavioral addictions","volume":"82","author":"Zilberman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"}],"container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/16\/9\/1560\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T04:46:36Z","timestamp":1788583596000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/16\/9\/1560"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["bs16091560"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bs16091560","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-328X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-328X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]}}}