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Sci.","Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rest intolerance\u2014the difficulty of truly relaxing during rest, accompanied by guilt and anxiety\u2014is increasingly prevalent among university students, yet its attentional antecedents remain poorly understood. Drawing on motivational conflict theory, this research examined temporal focus as a correlate of rest intolerance and perceived involution as a boundary condition. Study 1, a cross-sectional survey of 290 Chinese university students, found that trait future temporal focus was positively associated with rest intolerance, whereas present temporal focus was negatively associated with it, with perceived involution moderating both associations. An exploratory latent profile analysis identified three profiles\u2014balanced (80.7%), future-focused (10.7%), and present-focused (8.6%)\u2014with the future-focused profile showing the highest rest intolerance. Study 2, a 2 (temporal focus: future vs. present) \u00d7 2 (perceived involution: high vs. low) experiment with 131 participants, found that induced future focus was related to higher reported rest intolerance than induced present focus, particularly under low involution; under high involution, this difference was reduced. These findings identify temporal focus as a systematic attentional factor relevant to rest intolerance and suggest the potential applicability of motivational conflict theory to the rest domain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs16091582","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T08:07:06Z","timestamp":1788768426000},"page":"1582","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["When Future Focus Hinders Rest: Temporal Focus, Perceived Involution, and Rest Intolerance Among Chinese University Students"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Kexin","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Jiaqin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1947-7365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunlei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-025-10176-0","article-title":"Rest intolerance, emotional distress, insomnia, and adaptive coping strategies: A validation and serial mediation analysis study","volume":"97","year":"2026","journal-title":"Psychiatric Quarterly"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.84.4.822","article-title":"The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being","volume":"84","author":"Brown","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Zhou, M. 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