{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T10:11:44Z","timestamp":1788775904526,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Milton H. Erickson Society Germany"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behav. Sci.","Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Depression is one of the most prevalent mental health conditions, and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is one of the most efficacious treatments for depressive disorders. Several studies have demonstrated the efficacy of hypnotherapy (HT) in treating depression. However, it remains unclear which treatment works the best for each patient. This study investigated global and treatment-specific predictors of CBT and HT in a secondary analysis of an RCT for patients with mild-to-moderate major depression. A total of 152 patients were randomly assigned to receive either HT (n = 74) or CBT (n = 78) as an individual outpatient treatment for six months. Both treatments were comparably effective. Baseline characteristics including sociodemographic, depression-related, and psychological variables were assessed. The primary outcome was the clinician-rated Montgomery\u2013\u00c5sberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) scores after the treatment. Predictors were examined using correlation, regression, and moderation analyses for hypothesis-generating purposes. The results did not support the hypothesized cognitive and behavioral variables predicting post-treatment depression severity for CBT nor hypnotic susceptibility or expectations predicting outcome for HT. We found that lower baseline depression severity and higher self-efficacy predicted a better overall treatment outcome for all patients. As exploratory results, antidepressant medication and environmental quality of life predicted treatment outcome for patients receiving HT. In patients with CBT, educational level and psychological quality of life were found as exploratory predictors of treatment outcome. These results should be considered preliminary before strong conclusions can be drawn. Future research should further investigate HT and refine predictor models more strictly.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs16091584","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T09:23:37Z","timestamp":1788773017000},"page":"1584","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Predictors and Moderators of Post-Treatment Depression Severity After Hypnotherapy and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in an RCT for Mild-to-Moderate Depression"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Anna-Lena","family":"Brockmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, T\u00fcbingen Center for Mental Health (T\u00fcCMH), University of T\u00fcbingen, Calwer Str. 14, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Pfeiffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, T\u00fcbingen Center for Mental Health (T\u00fcCMH), University of T\u00fcbingen, Calwer Str. 14, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7470-9037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anil","family":"Batra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, T\u00fcbingen Center for Mental Health (T\u00fcCMH), University of T\u00fcbingen, Calwer Str. 14, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0451-3415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristina","family":"Fuhr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, T\u00fcbingen Center for Mental Health (T\u00fcCMH), University of T\u00fcbingen, Calwer Str. 14, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1002\/ch.391","article-title":"Evidence-based cognitive hypnotherapy for depression","volume":"26","author":"Alladin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Contemporary Hypnosis"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1080\/00207140903523194","article-title":"Evidence-based hypnotherapy for depression","volume":"58","author":"Alladin","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1080\/00207140601177897","article-title":"Cognitive hypnotherapy for depression: An empirical investigation","volume":"55","author":"Alladin","year":"2007","journal-title":"International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, American Psychiatric Publishing. [5th ed.].","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e58","DOI":"10.2196\/mental.7497","article-title":"The 12-item self-report World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS) 2.0 administered via the internet to individuals with anxiety and stress disorders: A psychometric investigation based on data from two clinical trials","volume":"4","author":"Axelsson","year":"2017","journal-title":"JMIR Mental Health"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.64.5.951","article-title":"The role of avoidance and obsessiveness in matching patients to cognitive and interpersonal psychotherapy: Empirical findings from the treatment for depression collaborative research program","volume":"64","author":"Barber","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.22269","article-title":"Predictors of depression treatment response in an intensive CBT partial hospital","volume":"72","author":"Beard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F., and Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression, Guilford Press."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Beck, J. S. (2020). Cognitive behavior therapy: Basics and beyond, Guilford Press."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2007.12.019","article-title":"Does a higher educational level protect against anxiety and depression? The HUNT study","volume":"66","author":"Bjelland","year":"2008","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2007.03.010","article-title":"Severity and duration of depression, not personality factors, predict short term outcome in the treatment of major depression","volume":"104","author":"Blom","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1080\/00207148508406643","article-title":"German norms for the Harvard group scale of hypnotic susceptibility, form A","volume":"3","author":"Bongartz","year":"1985","journal-title":"International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(99)00123-7","article-title":"Validation of the United States\u2019 version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL) instrument","volume":"53","author":"Bonomi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s10926-018-9760-3","article-title":"Predicting the effectiveness of work-focused CBT for common mental disorders: The influence of baseline self-efficacy, depression and anxiety","volume":"29","author":"Brenninkmeijer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.07.003","article-title":"The empirical status of cognitive-behavioral therapy: A review of meta-analyses","volume":"26","author":"Butler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2006.04.008","article-title":"The montgomery asberg and the hamilton ratings of depression: A comparison of measures","volume":"16","author":"Carmody","year":"2006","journal-title":"European Neuropsychopharmacology: The Journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2018.57","article-title":"Demographic and clinical predictors of response to internet-enabled cognitive-behavioural therapy for depression and anxiety","volume":"4","author":"Catarino","year":"2018","journal-title":"BJPsych Open"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1080\/00207144.2018.1461472","article-title":"The effectiveness of hypnotherapy in the treatment of chines psychiatric patients","volume":"66","author":"Chiu","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-050817-084746","article-title":"Treatment selection in depression","volume":"14","author":"Cohen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annual Review of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20701","article-title":"A network meta-analysis of the effects of psychotherapies, pharmacotherapies and their combination in the treatment of adult depression","volume":"19","author":"Cuijpers","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.focus.12.3.347","article-title":"Adding psychotherapy to antidepressant medication in depression and anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Cuijpers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Focus"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1080\/00029157.2025.2460581","article-title":"Comparing cognitive behavioral therapy and ericksonian hypnotherapy for subclinical depression and anxiety: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"67","year":"2025","journal-title":"American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1986.tb02723.x","article-title":"The montgomery-asberg depression scale: Reliability and validity","volume":"73","author":"Davidson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.02.004","article-title":"Expectation-focused psychotherapy to improve clinical outcomes","volume":"138","author":"Doering","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Review of Neurobiology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eilertsen, S. E. H., and Eilertsen, T. H. (2023). Why is it so hard to identify (consistent) predictors of treatment outcome in psychotherapy?\u2014Clinical and research perspectives. BMC Psychology, 11, (1).","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-023-01238-8"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ekers, D., Webster, L., Van Straten, A., Cuijpers, P., Richards, D., and Gilbody, S. (2014). Behavioural activation for depression; an update of meta-analysis of effectiveness and sub group analysis. PLoS ONE, 9, (6).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0100100"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2016.1223177","article-title":"World Health Organization disability assessment schedule 2.0: An international systematic review","volume":"39","author":"Federici","year":"2017","journal-title":"Disability and Rehabilitation"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., and Williams, J. B. W. (1997). Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis I disorders (SCID I), Biometric Research Department."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015401","article-title":"Prediction of response to medication and cognitive therapy in the treatment of moderate to severe depression","volume":"77","author":"Fournier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.02.069","article-title":"Efficacy of hypnotherapy compared to cognitive behavioural therapy for mild to moderate depression\u2014Results of a randomized controlled rater-blind trial","volume":"286","author":"Fuhr","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e016978","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-016978","article-title":"Efficacy of hypnotherapy compared to cognitive-behavioural therapy for mild-to-moderate depression: Study protocol of a randomised-controlled rater-blind trial","volume":"7","author":"Fuhr","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"GBD 2021 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators (2024). Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990\u20132021: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet, 403, (10440), 2133\u20132161."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327906mbr2603_7","article-title":"How many subjects does it take to do a regression analysis","volume":"26","author":"Green","year":"1991","journal-title":"Multivariate Behavioral Research"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-7358(02)00106-X","article-title":"Cognitive therapy of depression: Pretreatment patient predictors of outcome","volume":"22","author":"Hamilton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1080\/00029157.2005.10401508","article-title":"An integrative, multi-factor conceptualization of hypnosis","volume":"48","author":"Hammond","year":"2005","journal-title":"The American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1007\/s00103-008-0510-0","article-title":"Psychotherapie der depression [psychotherapy of depression]","volume":"51","author":"Hautzinger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Hautzinger, M. (2013). Kognitive verhaltenstherapie bei depressionen, Beltz Verlag. [7th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis, Guilford Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v59n1205","article-title":"Predictors of response to acute treatment of chronic and double depression with sertraline or imipramine","volume":"59","author":"Hirschfeld","year":"1998","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-014-9599-7","article-title":"Specificity of CBT for depression: A contribution from multiple treatments meta-analyses","volume":"38","author":"Honyashiki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cognitive Therapy and Research"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.64.2.295","article-title":"A component analysis of cognitive-behavioral treatment for depression","volume":"64","author":"Jacobson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-008-9191-0","article-title":"Effects of rumination and initial severity on remission to cognitive therapy for depression","volume":"32","author":"Jones","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cognitive Therapy and Research"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Rehm, L. P. (1981). The role of self-regulation. Behavior therapy for depression: Present status and future directions, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-006-9038-5","article-title":"The Behavioral Activation for Depression Scale (BADS): Psychometric properties and factor structure","volume":"29","author":"Kanter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-008-9088-y","article-title":"Validation of the behavioral activation for depression scale (BADS) in a community sample with elevated depressive symptoms","volume":"31","author":"Kanter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091432","article-title":"Mediators and mechanisms of change in psychotherapy research","volume":"3","author":"Kazdin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annual Review of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1080\/10503300802448899","article-title":"Understanding how and why psychotherapy leads to change","volume":"19","author":"Kazdin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychotherapy Research"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1037\/pst0000202","article-title":"Therapeutic strategies and techniques in early cognitive-behavioral therapy","volume":"56","author":"King","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychotherapy"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.63.2.214","article-title":"Hypnosis as an adjunct to cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy: A meta-analysis","volume":"63","author":"Kirsch","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lynn, S. J., Rhue, J. W., and Kirsch, I. (2010). An Ericksonian model of clinical hypnosis. Handbook of clinical hypnosis, American Psychological Association.","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctv1chs5qj"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291715000033","article-title":"Clinical effectiveness of cognitive therapy v. interpersonal psychotherapy for depression: Results of a randomized controlled trial","volume":"45","author":"Lemmens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Friedman, R. J., and Katz, M. M. (1974). A behavioral approach to depression. The psychology of depression: Contemporary theory and research, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.07.004","article-title":"Predicting optimal interventions for clinical depression: Moderators of outcomes in a positive psychological intervention vs. cognitive-behavioral therapy","volume":"61","author":"Chaves","year":"2019","journal-title":"General Hospital Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.3200\/JRLP.139.5.439-457","article-title":"The general self-efficacy scale: Multicultural validation studies","volume":"139","author":"Luszczynska","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.106.024729","article-title":"Randomised controlled trial of interpersonal psychotherapy and cognitive-behavioural therapy for depression","volume":"190","author":"Luty","year":"2007","journal-title":"The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science"},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Nash, J. A., and Barnier, A. (2008). Social cognitive theories of hypnosis. The oxford handbook of hypnosis: Theory, research, and practice, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1111\/bjc.12513","article-title":"A systematic review of predictors and moderators of treatment response in psychological interventions for persisting forms of depression","volume":"64","author":"Lyons","year":"2025","journal-title":"The British Journal of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maddux, J. E. (1995). Self-efficacy and depression. Self-efficacy, adaptation, and adjustment, Springer. The plenum series in social\/clinical psychology.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-6868-5"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1080\/00207140903523186","article-title":"Hypnosis in the treatment of depression: Considerations in research design and methods","volume":"58","author":"McCann","year":"2010","journal-title":"The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1348\/147608310X520166","article-title":"Rumination as a predictor of relapse in mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression","volume":"84","author":"Michalak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychology and Psychotherapy"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02879898","article-title":"Response expectancies, treatment credibility, and hypnotic suggestibility: Mediator and moderator effects in hypnotic and cognitive-behavioral pain interventions","volume":"33","author":"Milling","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annals of Behavioral Medicine"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.134.4.382","article-title":"A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change","volume":"134","author":"Montgomery","year":"1979","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14293","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2336126100","article-title":"Differential responses to psychotherapy versus pharmacotherapy in patients with chronic forms of major depression and childhood trauma","volume":"100","author":"Nemeroff","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1080\/00207144.2021.1877549","article-title":"Clinical hypnosis as an adjunct to cognitive behavior therapy: An updated meta-analysis","volume":"69","author":"Ramondo","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1080\/00207144.2024.2354722","article-title":"Cognitive behavioral therapy and hypnosis in the treatment of major depressive disorder: A randomized control trial","volume":"72","author":"Ramondo","year":"2024","journal-title":"The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rudolf, G. (2013). Strukturbezogene psychotherapie. [Structure-oriented psychotherapy], Schattauer. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.1055\/b-0034-56798"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"152","article-title":"Selbstwirksamkeitserwartung junger, erwachsener alkoholabh\u00e4ngiger: Auspr\u00e4gung und vorhersagbarkeit","volume":"4","author":"Schindler","year":"1994","journal-title":"Verhaltenstherapie"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.111.2.350","article-title":"Response styles among patients with minor depression and dysthymia in primary care","volume":"111","author":"Schmaling","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Weinman, J., Wright, S., and Johnston, M. (1995). Generalized self-efficacy scale. Measures in health psychology: A user\u2019s portfolio. Causal and control beliefs, NFER-NELSON."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.62.3.522","article-title":"Effects of treatment duration and severity of depression on the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral and psychodynamic-interpersonal psychotherapy","volume":"62","author":"Shapiro","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shor, R. E., and Orne, E. C. (1962). Harvard group scale of hypnotic susceptibility, Consulting Psychologists Press.","DOI":"10.1037\/t02246-000"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siewert, J., Brinkhaus, B., Tissen-Diabat\u00e9, T., Teut, M., and Volz, N. (2026). Hypnotic suggestibility as a moderator of treatment response in mild to moderate depression: An exploratory secondary analysis. Frontiers in Medicine, 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1847384"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2010.09111680","article-title":"Personalized medicine for depression: Can we match patients with treatments?","volume":"167","author":"Simon","year":"2010","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3205","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291715001208","article-title":"Predictors of outcome for telephone and face-to-face administered cognitive behavioral therapy for depression","volume":"45","author":"Corden","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1159\/000165687","article-title":"Bedeutung von rumination und ablenkung f\u00fcr den therapieerfolg depressiver patienten","volume":"18","author":"Teismann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Verhaltenstherapie"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The Lancet Psychiatry (2024). Global burden of disease 2021: Mental health messages. The Lancet Psychiatry, 11, (8), 573.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(24)00222-0"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The WHOQOL Group (1998). Development of the World Health Organization WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment. Psychological Medicine, 28, (3), 551\u2013558.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291798006667"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-025-10593-2","article-title":"Mediators and predictors of treatment response in a brief online intervention for rumination and worry","volume":"49","author":"Upton","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cognitive Therapy and Research"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Beljouw, I. M., Verhaak, P. F., Cuijpers, P., van Marwijk, H. W., and Penninx, B. W. (2010). The course of untreated anxiety and depression, and determinants of poor one-year outcome: A one-year cohort study. BMC Psychiatry, 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-10-86"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20238","article-title":"How important are the common factors in psychotherapy? An update","volume":"14","author":"Wampold","year":"2015","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2013.02.016","article-title":"The role of pretreatment outcome expectancies and cognitive-behavioral skills in symptom improvement in an acute psychiatric setting","volume":"149","author":"Webb","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2657","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291719002812","article-title":"Towards personalising treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis of face-to-face efficacy moderators of cognitive-behavioral therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy for major depressive disorder","volume":"49","author":"Whiston","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilhelm-Goessling, C., Schweizer, C., Duerr, C., Fuhr, K., and Revenstorf, D. (2020). Hypnotherapie bei depressionen. Ein manual f\u00fcr psychotherapeuten, Kohlhammer Verlag.","DOI":"10.17433\/978-3-17-036257-4"},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2012). Measuring health and disability: Manual for WHO Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS 2.0), World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021, May 01). Depression. Fact sheet. Global Health Data Exchange (GHDx), Available online: http:\/\/ghdx.healthdata.org\/gbd-results-tool?params=gbd-api-2019-permalink\/d780dffbe8a381b25e1416884959e88b."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"Yapko, M. D. (2006). Hypnosis and treating depression: Applications in clinical practice, Taylor and Francis."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milling, L. (2023). Hypnosis and depression. Evidence-based practice in clinical hypnosis, Psychological Association.","DOI":"10.1037\/0000347-000"}],"container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/16\/9\/1584\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T09:48:30Z","timestamp":1788774510000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/16\/9\/1584"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["bs16091584"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bs16091584","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-328X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-328X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]}}}