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Sci.","Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mind\u2013body exercise may support psychological well-being, but the cognitive\u2013emotional processes associated with psychological distress among middle-aged women remain unclear. This cross-sectional study examined cognitive reappraisal and brooding as potential indirect pathways linking mind\u2013body exercise participation with psychological distress. In May 2026, 423 women aged 40\u201355 years who had regularly participated in mind\u2013body exercise at least once per week during the previous three months completed a paper-based questionnaire. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling were conducted, and specific indirect effects were estimated using bootstrap procedures. Greater mind\u2013body exercise participation was associated with more frequent cognitive reappraisal (\u03b2 = 0.430, p &lt; 0.001) and lower brooding (\u03b2 = \u22120.274, p &lt; 0.001). Cognitive reappraisal was negatively associated with brooding (\u03b2 = \u22120.309, p &lt; 0.001) and psychological distress (\u03b2 = \u22120.322, p &lt; 0.001), whereas brooding was positively associated with psychological distress (\u03b2 = 0.353, p &lt; 0.001). Significant negative indirect associations were observed through cognitive reappraisal (effect = \u22120.0032), through brooding (effect = \u22120.0024), and through the serial sequence of cognitive reappraisal and brooding (effect = \u22120.0010), with all bootstrap confidence intervals excluding zero. These findings highlight cognitive reappraisal and brooding as potentially important cognitive\u2013emotional processes associated with the relationship between mind\u2013body exercise participation and psychological distress among middle-aged women, providing a basis for future longitudinal and intervention research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs16091596","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T11:23:51Z","timestamp":1788866631000},"page":"1596","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mind\u2013Body Exercise, Cognitive Reappraisal, Brooding, and Psychological Distress Among Middle-Aged Women"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Lin","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Guodong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Wenbin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0b013e318228225f","article-title":"Yoga decreases insomnia in postmenopausal women: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"19","author":"Afonso","year":"2012","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2009.11.004","article-title":"Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review","volume":"30","author":"Aldao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2018.04.011","article-title":"Sleep and sleep disorders in the menopausal transition","volume":"13","author":"Baker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep Medicine Clinics"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1002\/pchj.353","article-title":"Effects of working memory training on emotion regulation: Transdiagnostic review","volume":"9","author":"Barkus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psych Journal"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1080\/07347332.2022.2145925","article-title":"Is rumination associated with psychological distress after a cancer diagnosis? 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