{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T05:08:30Z","timestamp":1789103310076,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behav. Sci.","Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gender inequality is often framed in terms of women\u2019s disadvantage, whereas men\u2019s gender-role constraints are overlooked or discussed in opposition to gender equality. We introduce the Intertwined Victimhood Narrative (IVN), which frames men\u2019s and women\u2019s constraints as interconnected consequences of a shared gender-role system. Two experiments recruited Chinese men through Credamo and randomly assigned them to narrative conditions. Study 1 (N = 200) compared the IVN with a Women-Centric Victimhood Narrative (WCVN) to test whether it would increase men\u2019s recognition of constraints affecting themselves and weaken acceptance of existing gender roles. The IVN increased perceived discrimination against men without reducing perceived discrimination against women, and reduced general gender-role legitimacy. Study 2 (N = 270) further tested whether the IVN would reduce prescriptive gender stereotypes concerning both men and women. Men exposed to the IVN endorsed these stereotypes less strongly overall than those in the WCVN and control conditions, and none of the interactions involving the narrative condition reached significance. The WCVN did not differ from the control condition. These findings suggest that interconnected framing may broaden men\u2019s stake in questioning restrictive gender arrangements and that the consequences of discussing male victimhood depend on its framing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs16091609","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T12:26:11Z","timestamp":1788956771000},"page":"1609","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Intertwined Victimhood Narrative and the Challenge to Chinese Men\u2019s Gender Role Legitimacy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1894-2277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiaying","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiyue","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaoming","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Educational Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8565-8600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lian","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167216662868","article-title":"A whole other story: Inclusive victimhood narratives reduce competitive victimhood and intergroup hostility","volume":"42","author":"Adelman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2019.10.005","article-title":"Ideology and the promotion of social change","volume":"34","author":"Becker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1037\/h0036215","article-title":"The measurement of psychological androgyny","volume":"42","author":"Bem","year":"1974","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.88.4.354","article-title":"Gender schema theory: A cognitive account of sex typing","volume":"88","author":"Bem","year":"1981","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1037\/h0077098","article-title":"Sex role adaptability: One consequence of psychological androgyny","volume":"31","author":"Bem","year":"1975","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1037\/pspa0000093","article-title":"Anti-profit beliefs: How people neglect the societal benefits of profit","volume":"113","author":"Bhattacharjee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-017-0918-2","article-title":"Effect of variance ratio on ANOVA robustness: Might 1.5 be the limit?","volume":"50","author":"Blanca","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1111\/jasp.12976","article-title":"Systemic sexism recognition and antisexism encourage gender equality activism: An adaptation of bystander intervention theory","volume":"53","author":"Chamberlin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026481","article-title":"Coalition or derogation? How perceived discrimination influences intraminority intergroup relations","volume":"102","author":"Craig","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1177\/2372732220984491","article-title":"Promoting gender equality by supporting men\u2019s emotional flexibility","volume":"8","author":"Croft","year":"2021","journal-title":"Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1177\/1088868314564789","article-title":"An underexamined inequality: Cultural and psychological barriers to men\u2019s engagement with communal roles","volume":"19","author":"Croft","year":"2015","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Review"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1080\/14680777.2022.2029925","article-title":"\u201cVictims of feminism\u201d: Exploring networked misogyny and #MeToo in the manosphere","volume":"23","author":"Dickel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Feminist Media Studies"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1111\/josi.12168","article-title":"Acting in solidarity: Cross-group contact between disadvantaged group members and advantaged group allies","volume":"72","author":"Droogendyk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Social Issues"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1111\/josi.12083","article-title":"Allies against sexism: The role of men in confronting sexism","volume":"70","author":"Drury","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Social Issues"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000494","article-title":"Gender stereotypes have changed: A cross-temporal meta-analysis of U.S. public opinion polls from 1946 to 2018","volume":"75","author":"Eagly","year":"2020","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1177\/01454455870112001","article-title":"Masculine gender-role stress: Scale development and component factors in the appraisal of stressful situations","volume":"11","author":"Eisler","year":"1987","journal-title":"Behavior Modification"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","article-title":"G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences","volume":"39","author":"Faul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"113","article-title":"Pairwise multiple comparison procedures with unequal n\u2019s and\/or variances: A Monte Carlo study","volume":"1","author":"Games","year":"1976","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Statistics"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1177\/01454455920163008","article-title":"Development of the feminine gender role stress scale: A cognitive-behavioral measure of stress, appraisal, and coping for women","volume":"16","author":"Gillespie","year":"1992","journal-title":"Behavior Modification"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2011.10.001","article-title":"The conflict of harmony: Intergroup contact, commonality and political solidarity between minority groups","volume":"48","author":"Glasford","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.70.3.491","article-title":"The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism","volume":"70","author":"Glick","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-6402.1999.tb00379.x","article-title":"The ambivalence toward men inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent beliefs about men","volume":"23","author":"Glick","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychology of Women Quarterly"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1027\/1864-9335\/a000228","article-title":"Masculine identity, ambivalent sexism, and attitudes toward gender subtypes","volume":"46","author":"Glick","year":"2015","journal-title":"Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013748","article-title":"Moral typecasting: Divergent perceptions of moral agents and moral patients","volume":"96","author":"Gray","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1177\/0361684316634081","article-title":"The times they are a-changing \u2026 or are they not? A comparison of gender stereotypes, 1983\u20132014","volume":"40","author":"Haines","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychology of Women Quarterly"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"269","article-title":"The quest for \u03b1: Developments in multiple comparison procedures in the quarter century since Games (1971)","volume":"66","author":"Hancock","year":"1996","journal-title":"Review of Educational Research"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Hanisch, C. (2025, March 08). The personal is political. Notes from the second year: Women\u2019s liberation, major writings of the radical feminists., Available online: http:\/\/www.carolhanisch.org\/CHwritings\/PIP.html."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"97","article-title":"With great power comes great responsibility: Repositioning gender in(equality) as men\u2019s burden or men\u2019s responsibility","volume":"29","author":"Hardacre","year":"2022","journal-title":"Testing, Psychometrics, Methodology in Applied Psychology"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Hayes, A. F. (2022). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach, Guilford Press. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1177\/1368430218773403","article-title":"Individual differences in system justification predict power and morality-related needs in advantaged and disadvantaged groups in response to group disparity","volume":"22","author":"Shnabel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Group Processes & Intergroup Relations"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1037\/pspi0000365","article-title":"Need satisfaction in intergroup contact: A multinational study of pathways toward social change","volume":"122","author":"Ullrich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, S., and Fan, Y. (2026). Producing the \u201cinjured man\u201d: How digital anti-feminism reshapes masculinity in contemporary China, Society.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12115-026-01194-0"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Talmacs, N., and Peng, A. Y. (2023). Male anxiety and self-victimisation. Communications in contemporary China: Orchestrating thinking, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003399124"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.60.6.581","article-title":"The gender similarities hypothesis","volume":"60","author":"Hyde","year":"2005","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010213-115057","article-title":"Gender similarities and differences","volume":"65","author":"Hyde","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.70.4.727","article-title":"Influence of prototypes on perceptions of prejudice","volume":"70","author":"Inman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1080\/10463283.2013.840977","article-title":"How the disadvantaged appraise group-based exclusion: The path from legitimacy to illegitimacy","volume":"24","author":"Jetten","year":"2013","journal-title":"European Review of Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s11113-013-9283-8","article-title":"Marriage squeeze, never-married proportion, and mean age at first marriage in China","volume":"33","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Population Research and Policy Review"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"57","article-title":"Tests of certain linear hypotheses and their application to some educational problems","volume":"1","author":"Johnson","year":"1936","journal-title":"Statistical Research Memoirs"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0001083","article-title":"Win\u2013win denial: The psychological underpinnings of zero-sum thinking","volume":"151","author":"Johnson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.88.3.498","article-title":"Exposure to benevolent sexism and complementary gender stereotypes: Consequences for specific and diffuse forms of system justification","volume":"88","author":"Jost","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-024-01554-2","article-title":"Male victimhood ideology among Korean men: Is It economic hardship or perceived status decline?","volume":"91","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00118.x","article-title":"Who considers themselves victims of discrimination?: Individual difference predictors of perceived gender discrimination in women and men","volume":"21","author":"Kobrynowicz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychology of Women Quarterly"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e013400","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2023-013400","article-title":"Caregiving for China\u2019s one-child generation: A simulation study of caregiving responsibility and impact on women\u2019s time use","volume":"9","author":"Kwete","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Global Health"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1177\/13684302251341808","article-title":"Claims of reverse gender discrimination by young men in South Korea: The role of competitive and common victimhood","volume":"28","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Group Processes & Intergroup Relations"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1177\/13684302211035437","article-title":"Backlash against the #MeToo movement: How women\u2019s voice causes men to feel victimized","volume":"25","author":"Lisnek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Group Processes & Intergroup Relations"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9593","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1706253114","article-title":"Exposure to rising inequality shapes Americans\u2019 opportunity beliefs and policy support","volume":"114","author":"McCall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.2887","article-title":"Supporting men or male privilege? Women\u2019s progressive and reactionary collective action for men","volume":"52","author":"Becker","year":"2022","journal-title":"European Journal of Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.388","article-title":"A study of minorities as victims","volume":"37","author":"Moscovici","year":"2007","journal-title":"European Journal of Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"National Bureau of Statistics of China (2026, July 26). Main data of the seventh national population census, Available online: https:\/\/www.stats.gov.cn\/english\/PressRelease\/202105\/t20210510_1817185.html."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"National Bureau of Statistics of China (2026, July 26). Statistical monitoring report of China national program for women\u2019s development (2021\u20132030) in 2023, Available online: https:\/\/www.stats.gov.cn\/english\/PressRelease\/202502\/t20250207_1958577.html."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Office of the Leading Group for the Fourth China Women\u2019s Social Status Survey (2021). Main data from the fourth phase of the China women\u2019s social status survey, China Women\u2019s News. Available online: https:\/\/paper.cnwomen.com.cn\/zgfnb\/html\/2021-12\/27\/nw.D110000zgfnb_20211227_1-4.htm."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1177\/001100008100900213","article-title":"Male sex role conflicts, sexism, and masculinity: Psychological implications for men, women, and the counseling psychologist","volume":"9","year":"1981","journal-title":"The Counseling Psychologist"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1177\/0011000008317057","article-title":"Summarizing 25 years of research on men\u2019s gender role conflict using the Gender Role Conflict Scale: New research paradigms and clinical implications","volume":"36","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Counseling Psychologist"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"335","article-title":"Gender-role conflict scale: College men\u2019s fear of femininity","volume":"14","author":"Helms","year":"1986","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2017.07.009","article-title":"Promoting concern about gender bias with evidence-based confrontation","volume":"74","author":"Parker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1177\/0361684316674721","article-title":"Using video to increase gender bias literacy toward women in science","volume":"41","author":"Pietri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychology of Women Quarterly"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.3102\/10769986031004437","article-title":"Computational tools for probing interactions in multiple linear regression, multilevel modeling, and latent curve analysis","volume":"31","author":"Preacher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1177\/1088868320918698","article-title":"Beyond allyship: Motivations for advantaged group members to engage in action for disadvantaged groups","volume":"24","author":"Radke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Review"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1177\/13684302211048885","article-title":"Changing public opinion about gender activates group threat and opposition to feminist social movements among men","volume":"25","author":"Larsen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Group Processes & Intergroup Relations"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6237.2008.00540.x","article-title":"Latino group consciousness and perceptions of commonality with African Americans","volume":"89","author":"Sanchez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Social Science Quarterly"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmitz, R. M., and Kazyak, E. (2016). Masculinities in cyberspace: An analysis of portrayals of manhood in men\u2019s rights activist websites. Social Sciences, 5, (2).","DOI":"10.3390\/socsci5020018"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1177\/13684302211070792","article-title":"Social constructionist and essentialist beliefs about gender and race","volume":"26","author":"Schudson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Group Processes & Intergroup Relations"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2013.04.007","article-title":"Overcoming competitive victimhood and facilitating forgiveness through re-categorization into a common victim or perpetrator identity","volume":"49","author":"Shnabel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1037\/men0000068","article-title":"Men\u2019s collective action willingness: Testing different theoretical models of protesting gender inequality for women and men","volume":"18","author":"Stewart","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychology of Men & Masculinity"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1177\/1368430218763272","article-title":"\u201cWe for She\u201d: Mobilising men and women to act in solidarity for gender equality","volume":"21","author":"Hardacre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Group Processes & Intergroup Relations"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1177\/1088868308323223","article-title":"The political solidarity model of social change: Dynamics of self-categorization in intergroup power relations","volume":"12","author":"Reynolds","year":"2008","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Review"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026573","article-title":"Competitive victimhood as a response to accusations of ingroup harm doing","volume":"102","author":"Sullivan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Austin, W. G., and Worchel, S. (1979). An integrative theory of inter-group conflict. The social psychology of inter-group relations, Brooks\/Cole."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Taylor, A. L. (2020). Women\u2019s attitudes and experiences of the female gender role: Development of the Taylor Female Gender Role Conflict Scale (Publication Number 28095163). [Doctoral dissertation, Michigan School of Psychology]. Available online: https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/dissertations-theses\/women-s-attitudes-experiences-female-gender-role\/docview\/2453672322\/se-2."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1037\/men0000461","article-title":"College men\u2019s action for gender equality: A test of critical consciousness","volume":"25","author":"Thomas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychology of Men & Masculinities"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-024-01444-7","article-title":"Acknowledging that men are moral and harmed by gender stereotypes increases men\u2019s willingness to engage in collective action on behalf of women","volume":"90","author":"Brambilla","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1086\/660887","article-title":"The competitive saving motive: Evidence from rising sex ratios and savings rates in China","volume":"119","author":"Wei","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Political Economy"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/38.3-4.330","article-title":"On the comparison of several mean values: An alternative approach","volume":"38","author":"Welch","year":"1951","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-021-01245-2","article-title":"Positive contact with feminist women as a predictor of feminist solidarity, gender privilege awareness, and public and domestic support for gender equality in straight men","volume":"85","author":"Wiley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1177\/13678779251323923","article-title":"Wounded hearts: The affective making of misogynistic male victimhood under the familial sexual contract in precarious China","volume":"28","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"International Journal of Cultural Studies"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20563051231177952","DOI":"10.1177\/20563051231177952","article-title":"What is \u201crural feminism\u201d? A computer-assisted analysis of popular antifeminist discourses in Chinese social media","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Social Media + Society"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/61.1.165","article-title":"The two-sample trimmed t for unequal population variances","volume":"61","author":"Yuen","year":"1974","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zehnter, M., Manzi, F., Shrout, P., and Heilman, M. (2021). Belief in sexism shift: Defining a new form of contemporary sexism and introducing the belief in sexism shift scale (BSS scale). PLoS ONE, 16, (3).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0248374"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1037\/a0038208","article-title":"Evaluating gender similarities and differences using metasynthesis","volume":"70","author":"Zell","year":"2015","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"147","article-title":"Development and validation of sex-role inventory for the college students","volume":"27","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Chinese Journal of Human Sexuality"}],"container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/16\/9\/1609\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T04:36:47Z","timestamp":1789101407000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/16\/9\/1609"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["bs16091609"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bs16091609","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-328X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-328X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]}}}