{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T15:09:40Z","timestamp":1788966580080,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behav. Sci.","Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study explored whether engaging in volunteering predicted subjective wellbeing and loneliness, above and beyond known sociodemographic predictors. Secondary data from 7146 adults from the Taking Part 2019\u20132020 survey (UK household survey of participation in culture and sport) were analysed. Hierarchical regressions were used to explore whether engaging in volunteering (yes\/no) predicts subjective wellbeing variables (a sense that life is worthwhile, happiness, life satisfaction and anxiety) and loneliness. Gender, age group, Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD), health and employment status were included as covariates. Volunteering significantly and positively predicted a sense that life is worthwhile, although with small variance explained, and was also unexpectedly associated with greater anxiety. These relationships were observed above and beyond the variance explained by the known sociodemographic predictors. Our study provides some support for the idea that volunteering may be linked to greater wellbeing, in terms of life being worthwhile, but offers a note of caution about the potential negative relationship with anxiety. Based on our findings, we suggest that volunteering is not necessarily linked to greater hedonic wellbeing but may instead be linked to greater eudaimonic wellbeing, that is, a sense that life is worthwhile.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs16091610","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T14:02:48Z","timestamp":1788962568000},"page":"1610","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Volunteering Predicts Mixed Outcomes on Subjective Wellbeing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7654-3181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen","family":"Keyes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Sport and Sensory Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7827-5408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Gradidge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Sport and Sensory Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caoimhe","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3780-1843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eimear Mary","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Sport and Sensory Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1037\/a0037610","article-title":"The benefits associated with volunteering among seniors: A critical review and recommendations for future research","volume":"140","author":"Anderson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diener, E., Oishi, S., and Tay, L. (2018). Gender differences in subjective well-being. Handbook of well-being, DEF Publishers.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-018-0307-6"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bellis, M., Lowey, H., Hughes, K., Deacon, L., Stansfield, J., and Perkins, C. (2012). Variations in risk and protective factors for life satisfaction and mental wellbeing with deprivation: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-492"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1080\/13504851.2014.985364","article-title":"Volunteering and life satisfaction: A closer look at the hypothesis that volunteering more strongly benefits the unhappy","volume":"22","author":"Binder","year":"2015","journal-title":"Applied Economics Letters"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-020-02376-x","article-title":"Employment status and well-being: A longitudinal study on young Italian people","volume":"161","author":"Bonanomi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Social Indicators Research"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.01.011","article-title":"Doing well by doing good. The relationship between formal volunteering and self-reported health and happiness","volume":"66","author":"Borgonovi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine (1982)"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1177\/0276146709352220","article-title":"Toward a better understanding of volunteering for nonprofit organizations: Explaining volunteers\u2019 pro-social attitudes","volume":"30","author":"Briggs","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Macromarketing"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2025.106065","article-title":"Experimental evidence that exerting effort increases meaning","volume":"257","author":"Campbell","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1007\/s11482-018-9638-8","article-title":"The effect of unemployment on life satisfaction: A cross-national comparison between canada, germany, the united kingdom and the united states","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Applied Research in Quality of Life"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1080\/01634372.2022.2139322","article-title":"The relationship between volunteering and the occurrence of loneliness among older adults: A longitudinal study with 12 years of follow-up","volume":"66","author":"Cho","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Gerontological Social Work"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1017\/S0144686X10001224","article-title":"The effect of time volunteering and charitable donations in later life on psychological wellbeing","volume":"31","author":"Choi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ageing and Society"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1093\/geroni\/igaa057.1305","article-title":"Benefits of volunteering for middle-aged and older adults: Comparison between types of volunteering activities","volume":"4","author":"Chung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Innovation in Aging"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"2012","article-title":"Predictors of loneliness and different types of social isolation of rural-living older adults in the united kingdom","volume":"37","author":"Stathi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ageing & Society"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Department for Culture, Media and Sport (2026, May 01). Estimating the economic and social value of volunteering, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/estimating-the-economic-and-social-value-of-volunteering\/estimating-the-economic-and-social-value-of-volunteering."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.125.2.276","article-title":"Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress","volume":"125","author":"Diener","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1037\/1528-3542.7.2.336","article-title":"Anxiety and cognitive performance: Attentional control theory","volume":"7","author":"Eysenck","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.3727\/152599518X15300559276976","article-title":"Understanding the \u201clived experience\u201d of sport event volunteers: Using the hermeneutic circle as a guiding conceptual framework","volume":"22","author":"Gellweiler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Event Management"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gil-Lacruz, M., Saz-Gil, M. I., and Gil-Lacruz, A. I. (2019). Benefits of Older Volunteering on Wellbeing: An International Comparison. Frontiers in Psychology, 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.02647"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1002\/casp.2448","article-title":"How can \u2018we\u2019 help? Exploring the role of shared social identity in the experiences and benefits of volunteering","volume":"30","author":"Gray","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S258","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/59.5.S258","article-title":"Formal volunteering as a protective factor for older adults\u2019 psychological well-being","volume":"59","author":"Greenfield","year":"2004","journal-title":"The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"7","article-title":"Does it make a difference? The effects of volunteering from the viewpoint of recipients\u2014A literature review","volume":"10","author":"Falk","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Journal for the Study of Christian Social Practice"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbz052","article-title":"Stress-buffering effects of volunteering on daily well-being: Evidence from the national study of daily experiences","volume":"75","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1111\/spol.12342","article-title":"Measuring volunteerability and the capacity to volunteer among non-volunteers: Implications for social policy","volume":"52","author":"Meijs","year":"2018","journal-title":"Social Policy & Administration"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/0165025420971048","article-title":"Loneliness from young adulthood to old age: Explaining age differences in loneliness","volume":"46","author":"Hawkley","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Behavioral Development"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1177\/08997640241311868","article-title":"The dual structure of volunteering during crises: A task-driven approach to volunteering","volume":"54","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1177\/0898264319835654","article-title":"Enhancing older adults\u2019 sense of belonging and subjective wellbeing through sport game attendance, team identification, and emotional support","volume":"32","author":"Inoue","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Aging and Health"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2017.1348480","article-title":"The association between loneliness and health\u2013a survey-based study among middle-aged and older adults in Denmark","volume":"22","author":"Jessen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aging & Mental Health"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/ajpy.12217","article-title":"Volunteering benefits life satisfaction over 4 years: The moderating role of social network size","volume":"71","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Australian Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keyes, H., Gradidge, S., Forwood, S. E., Gibson, N., Harvey, A., Kis, E., Mutsatsa, K., Ownsworth, R., Roeloffs, S., and Zawisza, M. (2024). Creating arts and crafting positively predicts subjective wellbeing. Frontiers in Public Health, 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1417997"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keyes, H., Gradidge, S., Gibson, N., Harvey, A., Roeloffs, S., Zawisza, M., and Forwood, S. (2023). Attending live sporting events predicts subjective wellbeing and reduces loneliness. Frontiers in Public Health, 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.989706"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kitchingman, T. A., Caputi, P., Woodward, A., Wilson, C. J., and Wilson, I. (2018). The impact of their role on telephone crisis support workers\u2019 psychological wellbeing and functioning: Quantitative findings from a mixed methods investigation. PLoS ONE, 13, (12).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207645"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1007\/s10902-020-00242-8","article-title":"Does volunteering make us happier, or are happier people more likely to volunteer? Addressing the problem of reverse causality when estimating the wellbeing impacts of volunteering","volume":"22","author":"Lawton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Happiness Studies: An Interdisciplinary Forum on Subjective Well-Being"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"cky214.231","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/cky214.231","article-title":"Volunteer-charity activity and its pathways to older adults\u2019 social and emotional well-being","volume":"28","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"European Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2021.1913477","article-title":"Volunteering and loneliness in older adults: A parallel mediation model","volume":"26","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aging & Mental Health"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s12062-013-9085-0","article-title":"How does subjective wellbeing evolve with age? A literature review","volume":"6","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Population Ageing"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Mental Health Foundation (2026, May 01). Men and mental health, Available online: https:\/\/www.mentalhealth.org.uk\/explore-mental-health\/a-z-topics\/men-and-mental-health."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.1080\/02615479.2024.2438257","article-title":"Volunteering among social work students: Satisfaction, motives and benefits. When the emotional transcends the academic","volume":"44","year":"2025","journal-title":"Social Work Education"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114339","article-title":"Does unemployment lead to greater levels of loneliness? A systematic review","volume":"287","author":"Morrish","year":"2021","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"National Council for Voluntary Organisations (2020). Time well spent: Volunteer experience and impacts, NCVO. Available online: https:\/\/www.ncvo.org.uk\/news-and-insights\/news-index\/time-well-spent-national-survey-volunteer-experience\/volunteer-impacts\/."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s11266-023-00573-z","article-title":"Exploring the effects of volunteering on the social, mental, and physical health and well-being of volunteers: An umbrella review","volume":"35","author":"Nichol","year":"2024","journal-title":"Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.116735","article-title":"Does volunteering impact refugee women\u2019s life satisfaction, empowerment, and wellbeing? Experimental evidence, local knowledge, and causal reasoning","volume":"347","author":"Eggerman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2020.1752937","article-title":"Improving well-being after traumatic brain injury through volunteering: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"34","author":"Payne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Injury"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e025363","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-025363","article-title":"\u2018Being normal\u2019 and self-identity: The experience of volunteering in individuals with severe mental disorders\u2014A qualitative study","volume":"9","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1177\/002214650704800408","article-title":"Health benefits of volunteering in the wisconsin longitudinal study","volume":"48","author":"Piliavin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Health & Social Behavior"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000000327","article-title":"Busy yet socially engaged: Volunteering, work\u2013life balance, and health in the working population","volume":"57","author":"Ramos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70244","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.70244","article-title":"The association between the onset and ending of volunteering on loneliness and perceived social isolation among older adults: Longitudinal evidence from the German ageing survey","volume":"15","author":"Richardson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain and Behavior"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-020-01608-5","article-title":"The long-lasting impact of unemployment on life satisfaction: Results of a longitudinal study over 20 years in East Germany","volume":"18","author":"Richter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health and Quality of Life Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1353\/jip.2020.0033","article-title":"Can group membership and volunteering predict well-being in the world values survey: Correlates, sex differences, and age moderation","volume":"76","author":"Cramer","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Journal of Individual Psychology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.5465\/amj.2012.0611","article-title":"Finding meaning through volunteering: Why do employees volunteer and what does it mean for their jobs?","volume":"56","author":"Rodell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Academy of Management Journal"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, M. T., Kubzansky, L., and VanderWeele, T. (2021). Eudaimonic and hedonic well-being. Measuring well-being: Interdisciplinary perspectives from the social sciences and the humanities, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780197512531.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1007\/s11266-016-9726-z","article-title":"Beyond nonprofits: Re-conceptualizing the third sector","volume":"27","author":"Salamon","year":"2016","journal-title":"VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2017.04.004","article-title":"The mediating and moderating effect of volunteering on pain and depression, life purpose, well-being, and physical activity","volume":"18","author":"Salt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain Management Nursing"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1007\/s10902-025-00872-w","article-title":"Enhancing life satisfaction through eudaimonic, hedonic, and combined interventions: New training approaches relevant to theory and practice","volume":"26","author":"Schmitz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Happiness Studies"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1080\/13617672.2012.650029","article-title":"Meaningful commitment: Finding meaning in volunteer work","volume":"33","author":"Schnell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Beliefs & Values"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1111\/scs.12832","article-title":"What it means to be a palliative care volunteer in eight european countries: A qualitative analysis of accounts of volunteering","volume":"35","author":"Scott","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1573-7861.2012.01340.x","article-title":"Volunteer work and hedonic, eudemonic, and social well-being","volume":"27","author":"Son","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sociological Forum"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61489-0","article-title":"Subjective wellbeing, health, and ageing","volume":"385","author":"Steptoe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e011327","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-011327","article-title":"Association of volunteering with mental well-being: A lifecourse analysis of a national population-based longitudinal study in the UK","volume":"6","author":"Tabassum","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"The jamovi project (2026, April 01). jamovi (Version 2.7) [Computer Software], Available online: https:\/\/www.jamovi.org."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"The Office for National Statistics (2026, May 01). Personal well-being user guidance\u2014Office for National Statistics, Available online: https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/wellbeing\/methodologies\/personalwellbeingsurveyuserguide."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1177\/0190272512459662","article-title":"Role-identity salience, purpose and meaning in life, and well-being among volunteers","volume":"75","author":"Thoits","year":"2012","journal-title":"Social Psychology Quarterly"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"E325","article-title":"The role of volunteering in supporting well-being\u2014What might this mean for social prescribing? A best-fit framework synthesis of qualitative research","volume":"30","author":"Tierney","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health & Social Care in the Community"},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"UN (2015). Human development report\u2014Work for human development, United Nations. Available online: https:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/content\/human-development-report-2015."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Volunteer Scotland (2023). The social value of volunteering in Scotland, Volunteer Scotland. Available online: https:\/\/www.volunteerscotland.net\/research-and-evaluation\/the-social-value-of-volunteering-in-scotland\/."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1080\/23743603.2016.1273647","article-title":"Does volunteering improve well-being?","volume":"1","author":"Whillans","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comprehensive Results in Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanhl.2024.100664","article-title":"The effects of volunteering on loneliness among lonely older adults: The HEAL-HOA dual randomised controlled trial","volume":"6","author":"Yeung","year":"2025","journal-title":"The Lancet Healthy Longevity"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yeung, J. W., Zhang, Z., and Kim, T. Y. (2018). Volunteering and health benefits in general adults: Cumulative effects and forms. BMC Public Health, 18, (1).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4561-8"}],"container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/16\/9\/1610\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T14:14:14Z","timestamp":1788963254000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/16\/9\/1610"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["bs16091610"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bs16091610","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-328X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-328X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]}}}