{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T09:08:55Z","timestamp":1789031335702,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behav. Sci.","Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has a continuously rising global prevalence, imposing a heavy burden on affected families and society. Emotional and behavioural problems are the most common comorbidities of ASD and severely impair the long-term prognosis of affected children. While mindful parenting represents a validated positive parenting model, the internal mechanisms underlying its association with emotional and behavioural developmental outcomes in children with ASD remain unclear. This study adopted a cross-sectional design. Between April and August 2023, 268 parent\u2013child dyads were recruited via convenience sampling from hospitals and special education settings in Jinan, China. Validated instruments were used to assess mindful parenting, parenting stress, family management, and child emotional and behavioural problems, and data were analysed using path analysis with observed variables. The results showed that the sequential chain mediation pathway was fully consistent with the data for total difficulties, with the total indirect effect accounting for 66.71% of the total association. For prosocial behaviour, the model received only partial support, with a 61.54% total indirect association, as the unique indirect path via parenting stress did not reach statistical significance. These findings indicate that mindful parenting is associated with fewer child difficulties through a sequence involving reduced parenting stress and better family management. For prosocial behaviour, this association appears primarily linked to family management, with no significant unique contribution of parenting stress. The study reveals potential family process mechanisms and can inform the development of family-centred interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs16091614","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T08:07:41Z","timestamp":1789027661000},"page":"1614","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mindful Parenting and Emotional and Behavioural Problems in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: The Chain Mediating Role of Parenting Stress and Family Management"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0856-6485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ting","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China"},{"name":"Qingdao Mental Health Center, Qingdao 266034, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8492-7155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yilin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ou","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abidin, R. R. (1990). Parenting stress index (PSI), Pediatric Psychology Press.","DOI":"10.1037\/t02445-000"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18344909211037016","DOI":"10.1177\/18344909211037016","article-title":"A review of mindful parenting: Theory, measurement, correlates, and outcomes","volume":"15","author":"Ahemaitijiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-022-05455-9","article-title":"Examining the mediating role of mindful parenting: A study on the relationship between parental emotion regulation difficulties and problem behaviors of children with ASD","volume":"53","author":"Aydin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4661","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-023-06163-8","article-title":"Parental distress and parenting behavior in families of preschool children with and without ASD: Spillover and buffering","volume":"54","author":"Baker","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-017-0313-6","article-title":"Parenting stress through the lens of different clinical groups: A systematic review & meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"Barroso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E41","DOI":"10.1097\/ANS.0000000000000512","article-title":"An integrative review of the use of the individual and family self-management theory in research","volume":"48","author":"Bauer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Advances in Nursing Science"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedn.2016.08.006","article-title":"Risks and protective factors for stress self-management in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder: An integrated review of the literature","volume":"31","author":"Bonis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric Nursing"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1984","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-022-01933-4","article-title":"Longitudinal impact of mindful parenting on internalizing and externalizing symptoms among children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"13","author":"Chan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s10567-009-0046-3","article-title":"A model of mindful parenting: Implications for parent\u2013child relationships and prevention research","volume":"12","author":"Duncan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u00fcckert, S., Bart, S., Gewohn, P., K\u00f6nig, H., Sch\u00f6ttle, D., Konnopka, A., Rahlff, P., Erik, F., Vogeley, K., Schulz, H., David, N., and Perth, J. (2023). Health-related quality of life in family caregivers of autistic adults. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1290407"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, X., and Ko, K. S. (2025). Chinese caregivers\u2019 experiences parenting children with autism spectrum disorder: A descriptive qualitative study. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1514948"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40489-023-00385-3","article-title":"Family processes and the emotional and behavioural well-being of autistic children and youth: A systematic review of prospective studies","volume":"12","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2025","journal-title":"Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gnazzo, M., Baldini, V., Santangelo, G., D\u2019Agostino, A., Fiorillo, A., and Plazzi, G. (2026). Impact of sleep in children with neurodevelopmental disorders on family well-being: A systematic review of psychological outcomes. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, Advance online publication.","DOI":"10.1177\/00207640251415506"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x","article-title":"The strengths and difficulties questionnaire: A research note","volume":"38","author":"Goodman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"181","article-title":"Effect of types of educational institutions on social-communication functions among children with autism spectrum disorder: An observation study","volume":"44","author":"Gu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of School Health"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.23661","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorder: A review","volume":"329","author":"Hirota","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.112922","article-title":"Prevalence of comorbid psychiatric disorders among people with autism spectrum disorder: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses","volume":"287","author":"Hossain","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hou, Y., Yan, T., and Zhang, J. (2023). The relationship between parental involvement and psychological adjustment among Chinese children with autism spectrum disorder in the transition from kindergarten to primary school: A chain-mediating model. Frontiers in Psychology, 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1087729"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","article-title":"Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"533","article-title":"The relationship between mindful parenting and problem behaviors of preschool children: The chain mediating effect of parent-child relationship and psychological resilience","volume":"40","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychological Development and Education"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3093","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-015-0114-x","article-title":"Cultivating mind: Mindfulness interventions for children with autism spectrum disorder and problem behaviours, and their mothers","volume":"24","author":"Hwang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Child and Family Studies"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.70001","article-title":"Parent outcomes following participation in cognitive behavior therapy for autistic children in a community setting: Parent mental health, mindful parenting, and parenting practices","volume":"18","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Autism Research"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"John, L. P., and Hemalatha, R. (2026). Building family resilience in autism spectrum disorder: An integrative review of models, interventions, and future directions. Annals of African Medicine, Advance online publication.","DOI":"10.4103\/aam.aam_434_25"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Kabat-Zinn, J. (2023). Wherever you go, there you are: Mindfulness meditation in everyday life, Hachette Go. [30th anniversary ed.]."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsp034","article-title":"Assessment of the psychometric properties of the family management measure","volume":"36","author":"Knafl","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric Psychology"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Knafl, K. A., Deatrick, J. A., Gallo, A., Dixon, J., Grey, M., Knafl, G., and O\u2019Malley, J. (2010). Family management measure, APA PsycTests."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"25","article-title":"Reliability and validity of \u201cChildren strengths and difficulties questionnaire\u201d in Shanghai norm","volume":"17","author":"Kou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Shanghai Archives of Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.15432","article-title":"Psychological interventions targeting mental health and the mother\u2013child relationship in autism: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"65","author":"Kulasinghe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1037\/fam0001337","article-title":"Mindful parenting mediates the association of family economic pressure with child adjustment: A longitudinal study","volume":"39","author":"Lam","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Family Psychology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-3992.2007.00099.x","article-title":"Introduction to structural equation modeling: Issues and practical considerations","volume":"26","author":"Lei","year":"2007","journal-title":"Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361319874644","article-title":"Emotional functioning and the development of internalizing and externalizing problems in young boys with and without autism spectrum disorder","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0138-4","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorder","volume":"6","author":"Lord","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Disease Primers"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"247","article-title":"The relationship between parental psychological resilience and emotional and behavioral problems in children with autism spectrum disorder: A moderated mediation model","volume":"39","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychological Development and Education"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191119847757","article-title":"Refining the parenting stress index\u2013short form (PSI-SF) in Chinese parents","volume":"28","author":"Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-023-01660-4","article-title":"Parental expressed emotion and behavioural outcomes in autistic children and adolescents: A systematic review","volume":"56","author":"Marshall","year":"2025","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry & Human Development"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-016-0596-7","article-title":"Mindfulness in Parenting Questionnaire (MIPQ): Development and validation of a measure of mindful parenting","volume":"8","author":"McCaffrey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McKinney, W. S., Tadevich, L. J., Schmitt, L. M., Horn, P. S., Ruberg, J. R., White, S. W., Reisigner, D. L., Burkett, K. W., Sarawgi, S., Kang, S., and Scaffer, R. C. (2025). Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial of regulating together (RT), a group therapy for emotion dysregulation in school-age autistic youth and their caregivers. BMC Psychology, 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-025-02737-6"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-016-0504-1","article-title":"Mindful parenting training in child psychiatric settings: Heightened parental mindfulness reduces parents\u2019 and children\u2019s psychopathology","volume":"7","author":"Meppelink","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3446","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-024-06447-7","article-title":"Adherence and opportunity frequency as predictors of communication outcomes from pivotal response parent training","volume":"55","author":"Minjarez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2024.102508","article-title":"Comparison of effects of interventions to promote the mental health of parents of children with autism: A systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"114","author":"Mo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613231191558","article-title":"Comparative effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction and psychoeducational support on parenting stress in families of autistic preschoolers","volume":"28","author":"Neece","year":"2024","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2021.1955369","article-title":"Predictors of severity and change in emotion dysregulation among children and adolescents with ASD","volume":"50","author":"Northrup","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2018.1454822","article-title":"Cross-sectional analysis of longitudinal mediation processes","volume":"53","author":"Martin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Multivariate Behavioral Research"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2160","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.3015","article-title":"Exploring the association between social skills struggles and social communication difficulties and depression in youth with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"16","author":"Pascoe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Autism Research"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, Q., Dong, Y., Jin, J., Ao, H., Zhang, C., and Ma, Y. (2025). The effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions for children with autism and their parents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1526001"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579424001378","article-title":"Longitudinal pathways between parent depression and child mental health in families of autistic children","volume":"37","author":"Greenlee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Development and Psychopathology"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piro-Gambetti, B., Greenlee, J., Bolt, D., Papp, L. M., and Hartley, S. L. (2024). Parent-couple satisfaction, parent depression, and child mental health in families with autistic children. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1306456"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.88.5.879","article-title":"Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies","volume":"88","author":"Podsakoff","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1037\/a0022658","article-title":"Effect size measures for mediation models: Quantitative strategies for communicating indirect effects","volume":"16","author":"Preacher","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-018-3845-x","article-title":"Transactional relations between parenting stress and child autism symptoms and behavior problems","volume":"49","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2008.10.004","article-title":"The individual and family self-management theory: Background and perspectives on context, process, and outcomes","volume":"57","author":"Ryan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nursing Outlook"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G., and Teasdale, J. D. (2012). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression, Guilford Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, N. N., Lancioni, G. E., Karazsia, B. T., Myers, R. E., Hwang, Y.-S., and An\u0101layo, B. (2019). Effects of mindfulness-based positive behavior support (MBPBS) training are equally beneficial for mothers and their children with autism spectrum disorder or with intellectual disabilities. Frontiers in Psychology, 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00385"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1177\/10634266060140030401","article-title":"Mindful parenting decreases aggression, noncompliance, and self-injury in children with autism","volume":"14","author":"Singh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1177\/0145445507300924","article-title":"Mindful parenting decreases aggression and increases social behavior in children with developmental disabilities","volume":"31","author":"Singh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behavior Modification"},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Specialized Committee on Prevention and Treatment of Autism of China Maternal and Child Health Research Association, and Hubei Special Children Rehabilitation Association (2025). Expert consensus on health management for children with autism spectrum disorder. Chinese Journal of Child Health Care, 33, (1), 3\u20137."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S327553","article-title":"Association between caregivers\u2019 family management and quality of life in children with chronic disease in southern Thailand","volume":"15","author":"Sutthisompohn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Patient Preference and Adherence"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s10567-024-00467-6","article-title":"Parenting practices and externalizing behaviors in autistic children: A systematic literature review","volume":"27","author":"Suvarna","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, S., Pan, N., Xu, X., Li, H., Lin, L., Chen, J., Jin, C., Pan, S., Jing, J., and Li, X. (2022). The association between sugar-sweetened beverages and milk intake with emotional and behavioral problems in children with autism spectrum disorder. Frontiers in Nutrition, 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.927212"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361319830042","article-title":"Child and parent outcomes following parent interventions for child emotional and behavioral problems in autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Tarver","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"The State Council of the People\u2019s Republic of China (2026, May 11). Healthy China action plan (2019\u20132030), Available online: http:\/\/www.gov.cn\/xinwen\/2019-07\/15\/content_5409694.htm."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-147-8-200710160-00010","article-title":"The strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: Guidelines for reporting observational studies","volume":"147","author":"Altman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2020.103791","article-title":"Parental stress, involvement, and family quality of life in mothers and fathers of children with autism spectrum disorder in mainland China: A dyadic analysis","volume":"107","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Research in Developmental Disabilities"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-021-05011-x","article-title":"Mindfulness and stress among parents of children with autism spectrum disorder in China","volume":"52","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Q., Ng, S., and Zhou, X. (2023). The mechanism and effectiveness of mindfulness-based intervention for reducing the psychological distress of parents of children with autism spectrum disorder: A protocol of randomized control trial of ecological momentary intervention and assessment. PLoS ONE, 18, (9).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0291168"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, L., Buchanan, H., Zhao, Y., Wang, P., Zhan, Z., Zhao, B., and Fan, B. (2019). Translation and validation of a Chinese version of the Mindfulness in Parenting Questionnaire (MIPQ). Frontiers in Psychology, 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01847"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"67","article-title":"Reliability generalization for the Chinese version of Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire","volume":"27","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-021-01168-9","article-title":"The association between mindful parenting and adolescent internalizing and externalizing problems: The role of mother\u2013child communication","volume":"53","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry & Human Development"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3393","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-018-3605-y","article-title":"The association between emotional and behavioral problems in children with autism spectrum disorder and psychological distress in their parents: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"48","author":"Yorke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2696","article-title":"Global prevalence of autism: A systematic review update","volume":"15","author":"Zeidan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Autism Research"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-8606.2012.00241.x","article-title":"The potential benefits of mindfulness training in early childhood: A developmental social cognitive neuroscience perspective","volume":"6","author":"Zelazo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Child Development Perspectives"},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"19","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the Chinese version of Family Management Measure","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Practical Nursing"},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"423","article-title":"The prevalence of ASD screening in children aged 0\u20136 years old in China","volume":"34","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Reproductive Health"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2023.103877","article-title":"The economic burden of autism spectrum disorder with and without intellectual disability in China: A nationwide cost-of-illness study","volume":"92","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Asian Journal of Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/16\/9\/1614\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T08:31:15Z","timestamp":1789029075000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/16\/9\/1614"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["bs16091614"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bs16091614","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-328X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-328X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]}}}