{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T12:14:28Z","timestamp":1789128868030,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003399","name":"Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22DZ2229014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22DZ2229014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003399","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["22DZ2229014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22DZ2229014"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03kt66j61","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002338","name":"Ministry of Education of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22YJC880035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22YJC880035"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002338","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["22YJC880035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22YJC880035"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01mv9t934","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behav. Sci.","Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) is rapidly reshaping educational practice, yet its role in supporting K-12 STEAM learning remains underexplored. Using an exploratory design, this study aims to implement two GenAI-based STEAM learning environments, exploring middle school students\u2019 interaction behaviors and perceptions of using GenAI across two 120 min modules: Mathematics-Engineering and Mathematics-Arts. Data were collected from 12 eighth-grade students in China through student\u2013GenAI interaction logs and follow-up interviews. The results revealed that the students working in groups mainly used GenAI to acquire STEAM knowledge\/information, relied on exact copying of instructions, favored direct retrieval\/review prompts, and used GenAI mainly to request information. Comparatively few interactions involved review, verification, evaluation, or reflection. The participants perceived various roles of GenAI and expressed high satisfaction and trust; however, they demonstrated limited critical evaluation of GenAI outputs, lacked a sense of engagement, and achieved minimal feelings of accomplishment. Although the interaction counts were relatively comparable across the two modules, satisfaction was slightly higher in the Mathematics-Engineering module. Most students perceived no module difference in trust and GenAI utility. Given the small sample and short-term two-module design, the findings are exploratory and context-specific, limiting their generalizability and precluding conclusions about the comparative effectiveness of GenAI-supported STEAM learning. This study provides preliminary evidence on how students interact with and perceive GenAI in STEAM contexts and highlights the need for context-sensitive integration, explicit support for critical evaluation, faded prompt scaffolding, and deeper human\u2013AI collaboration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs16091626","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T10:51:37Z","timestamp":1789123897000},"page":"1626","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploring Middle School Students\u2019 Interactions and Perceptions of Using Generative AI in STEAM Learning Environments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3693-1340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qianhui","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5231-7785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuhui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Institute of AI for Education, Shanghai 200241, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdelghani, R., Kaiser, P., and Murayama, K. (2026). From prompting to epistemic proactivity: Temporal trajectories of student\u2013AI interaction in mathematics learning. arXiv, Available online: https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2606.28472.","DOI":"10.35542\/osf.io\/4bsxd_v1"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s43067-024-00145-1","article-title":"Unveiling the evolution of generative AI (GAI): A comprehensive and investigative analysis toward LLM models (2021\u20132024) and beyond","volume":"11","author":"Akhtar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Electrical Systems and Information Technology"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"67","article-title":"Trust in generative AI among students: An exploratory study","volume":"Vol. 1","author":"Stephenson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 55th ACM technical symposium on computer science education"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s10956-022-10010-3","article-title":"The impact of physics education technology (PhET) interactive simulation-based learning on motivation and academic achievement among Malawian physics students","volume":"32","author":"Banda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Science Education and Technology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70045","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.70045","article-title":"A sequencing effect of adding generative learning strategies to immersive virtual reality on middle school students\u2019 performance, intrinsic motivation, and self-efficacy","volume":"41","author":"Boel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","article-title":"Using thematic analysis in psychology","volume":"3","author":"Braun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Qualitative Research in Psychology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9641","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-024-13193-x","article-title":"A systemic review of AI for interdisciplinary learning: Application contexts, roles, and influences","volume":"30","author":"Cai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105198","article-title":"Unpacking help-seeking process through multimodal learning analytics: A comparative study of ChatGPT vs. human expert","volume":"226","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1177\/07356331241226592","article-title":"Facilitating student learning with a chatbot in an online math learning platform","volume":"62","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Computing Research"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s40594-025-00533-7","article-title":"A decade of research contributions and emerging trends in the International Journal of STEM Education","volume":"12","author":"Chiu","year":"2025","journal-title":"International Journal of STEM Education"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"010142","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevPhysEducRes.19.010142","article-title":"How do physics students evaluate artificial intelligence responses on comprehension questions? A study on the perceived scientific accuracy and linguistic quality of ChatGPT","volume":"19","author":"Dahlkemper","year":"2023","journal-title":"Physical Review Physics Education Research"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.2307\/249008","article-title":"Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology","volume":"13","author":"Davis","year":"1989","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2025.2509276","article-title":"\u201cChatGPT is like a study buddy, a teacher and sometimes just a friend\u201d: A longitudinal exploration of students\u2019 interactions, perception and acceptance","volume":"34","author":"Durgungoz","year":"2026","journal-title":"Interactive Learning Environments"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2023.102642","article-title":"Opinion paper: \u201cSo what if ChatGPT wrote it?\u201d Multidisciplinary perspectives on opportunities, challenges and implications of generative conversational AI for research, practice and policy","volume":"71","author":"Dwivedi","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Information Management"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s43031-025-00125-z","article-title":"Integrating generative AI into STEM education: Enhancing conceptual understanding, addressing misconceptions, and assessing student acceptance","volume":"7","author":"Saad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Disciplinary and Interdisciplinary Science Education Research"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"em0781","DOI":"10.29333\/iejme\/14614","article-title":"Enhancing students\u2019 learning experience in mathematics class through ChatGPT","volume":"19","author":"Gunn","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Electronic Journal of Mathematics Education"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12681","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-025-13337-7","article-title":"AI in the classroom: Exploring students\u2019 interaction with ChatGPT in programming learning","volume":"30","author":"Er","year":"2025","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1080\/09500789908666762","article-title":"Bakhtin in the classroom: What constitutes a dialogic text? Some lessons from small group interaction","volume":"13","author":"Haworth","year":"1999","journal-title":"Language and Education"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, L., and Luo, W. (2026). Using generative AI in learning and students\u2019 innovative behavior: A dual-path examination based on the UTAUT model. Behavioral Sciences, 16, (6).","DOI":"10.3390\/bs16061002"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-025-00524-2","article-title":"Chatbots and student motivation: A scoping review","volume":"22","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jchemed.3c00006","article-title":"Potential ChatGPT use in undergraduate chemistry laboratories","volume":"100","author":"Humphry","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Chemical Education"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2023.104812","article-title":"Decision-guided chatbots and cognitive styles in interdisciplinary learning","volume":"201","author":"Hwang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327566IJCE0401_04","article-title":"Foundations for an empirically determined scale of trust in automated systems","volume":"4","author":"Jian","year":"2000","journal-title":"International Journal of Cognitive Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2023.102274","article-title":"ChatGPT for good? On opportunities and challenges of large language models for education","volume":"103","author":"Kasneci","year":"2023","journal-title":"Learning and Individual Differences"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1177\/00472395251380294","article-title":"Exploring Gen Z\u2019s satisfaction and continuance intention towards ChatGPT 4o in higher education: PLS-SEM insights using the ECM","volume":"54","author":"Kavitha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Technology Systems"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.46328\/ijte.691","article-title":"A pilot study inquiring into the impact of ChatGPT on lab report writing in introductory engineering labs","volume":"7","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Technology in Education"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kohn, S. C., de Visser, E. J., Wiese, E., Lee, Y.-C., and Shaw, T. H. (2021). Measurement of trust in automation: A narrative review and reference guide. Frontiers in Psychology, 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.604977"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.18178\/ijiet.2026.16.3.2535","article-title":"Trust, usefulness, and satisfaction in ChatGPT adoption: An ELM\u2013TAM study among university students","volume":"16","author":"Lee","year":"2026","journal-title":"International Journal of Information and Education Technology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1163\/23641177-bja10070","article-title":"Improving science conceptual understanding and attitudes in elementary science classes through the development and application of a rule-based AI chatbot","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Asia-Pacific Science Education"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9575","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-023-12150-4","article-title":"Prompt aloud! Incorporating image-generative AI into STEAM class with learning analytics using prompt data","volume":"29","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2304973","DOI":"10.1080\/10872981.2024.2304973","article-title":"Challenge, integration, and change: ChatGPT and future anatomical education","volume":"29","author":"Leng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medical Education Online"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2157","DOI":"10.1177\/07356331241289824","article-title":"InquiryGPT: Augmenting ChatGPT for enhancing inquiry-based learning in STEM education","volume":"62","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Computing Research"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13528","article-title":"Enhancing AR-based learning environments for STEM education: A design-based study on design features, kinematics learning and mathematics self-efficacy","volume":"56","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Sampson, D. G., Ifenthaler, D., and Isa\u00edas, P. (2024). Exploring student perception and interaction using ChatGPT in programming education. 21st international conference on cognition and exploratory learning in the digital age, CELDA 2024, IADIS Press. Available online: https:\/\/files.eric.ed.gov\/fulltext\/ED665431.pdf."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, L., Luo, H., Liao, X., and Li, J. (2022). Impact of gender on STEAM education in elementary school: From individuals to group compositions. Behavioral Sciences, 12, (9).","DOI":"10.3390\/bs12090308"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1007\/s10758-025-09853-7","article-title":"Generative artificial intelligence (GAI) in teaching and learning processes at the K-12 level: A systematic review","volume":"31","author":"Marzano","year":"2026","journal-title":"Technology, Knowledge and Learning"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-023-00926-5","article-title":"Evaluation of the novelty effect in immersive virtual reality learning experiences","volume":"28","author":"Checa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Virtual Reality"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15329","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-025-13410-1","article-title":"Integrating generative artificial intelligence in the design of scientific inquiry for middle school students","volume":"30","author":"Min","year":"2025","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Ministry of Education (2026, July 16). Plans to strengthen AI education in primary and secondary schools, Available online: http:\/\/www.moe.gov.cn\/jyb_xwfb\/gzdt_gzdt\/s5987\/202412\/t20241202_1165500.html."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"100368","article-title":"The critical role of trust in adopting AI-powered educational technology for learning: An instrument for measuring student perceptions","volume":"8","author":"Nazaretsky","year":"2025","journal-title":"Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13454","article-title":"Empowering student self-regulated learning and science education through ChatGPT: A pioneering pilot study","volume":"55","author":"Ng","year":"2024","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"OECD (2023). OECD digital education outlook 2023: Towards an effective digital education ecosystem, OECD Publishing."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Office of Educational Technology (2026, July 16). Artificial intelligence and future of teaching and learning: Insights and recommendations, Available online: https:\/\/www.ed.gov\/media\/document\/ai-reportpdf-43861.pdf."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.teler.2025.100270","article-title":"Understanding human\u2013AI trust in education","volume":"20","author":"Pitts","year":"2025","journal-title":"Telematics and Informatics Reports"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n2","DOI":"10.9743\/JEO.2024.21.2.12","article-title":"User experiences of ChatGPT among engineering students, teachers, and working professionals in India","volume":"21","author":"Prakasha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Educators Online"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Fu, Z., Misra, A., Li, J., and Xiao, R. (2025). Exploring teenagers\u2019 trust in AI chatbots: An empirical study of Chinese middle-school students. Proceedings of the 2025 international conference on human-engaged computing, Association for Computing Machinery."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliver, N., Shamma, D. A., Candello, H., C\u00e9sar, P., Lopes, P., Bozzon, A., Kosch, T., Liao, V. Q., Ma, X., Artizzu, V., Draxler, F., L\u00f3pez, G., Reinschluessel, A. V., Tong, X., and Toups Dugas, P. O. (2026). Do children trust AI, and should they? Designing and validating a child-centred K-AI trust scale for intelligent systems. Proceedings of the 2026 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems (Article 143, pp. 1\u201318), Association for Computing Machinery.","DOI":"10.1145\/3772318.3790765"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1145\/3677614","article-title":"Converging measures and an emergent model: A meta-analysis of human-automation trust questionnaires","volume":"13","author":"Razin","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Human\u2013Robot Interaction"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3768","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-07808-x","article-title":"Challenging presumed technological superiority when working with (artificial) colleagues","volume":"12","author":"Rieger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruiz-Rojas, L. I., Acosta-Vargas, P., De-Moreta-Llovet, J., and Gonzalez-Rodriguez, M. (2023). Empowering education with generative artificial intelligence tools: Approach with an instructional design matrix. Sustainability, 15, (15).","DOI":"10.3390\/su151511524"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105214","article-title":"Virtual vs. traditional learning in higher education: A systematic review of comparative studies","volume":"227","author":"Santilli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s10649-021-10131-3","article-title":"Affect graphing: Leveraging graphical representations in the study of students\u2019 affect in mathematics","volume":"110","author":"Satyam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Educational Studies in Mathematics"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schei, O. M., M\u00f8gelvang, A., and Ludvigsen, K. (2024). Perceptions and use of AI chatbots among students in higher education: A scoping review of empirical studies. Education Sciences, 14, (8).","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci14080922"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38805","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3268224","article-title":"Exploring students\u2019 perceptions of ChatGPT: Thematic analysis and follow-up survey","volume":"11","author":"Shoufan","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Sinclair, J., and Coulthard, M. (1975). Towards an analysis of discourse: The English used by teachers and pupils, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, H., Tayarani-Najaran, M. H., and Yaqoob, M. (2023). Exploring computer science students\u2019 perception of ChatGPT in higher education: A descriptive and correlation study. Education Sciences, 13, (9).","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci13090924"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jik.2025.100781","article-title":"Generative artificial intelligence expectations and experiences in management education: ChatGPT use and student satisfaction","volume":"10","author":"Suchanek","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Innovation & Knowledge"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-024-00446-5","article-title":"Would ChatGPT-facilitated programming mode impact college students\u2019 programming behaviors, performances, and perceptions? An empirical study","volume":"21","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12967","article-title":"Students\u2019 reflections on their experience with ChatGPT","volume":"40","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70027","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.70027","article-title":"Can generative artificial intelligence be a good teaching assistant?\u2014An empirical analysis based on generative AI-assisted teaching","volume":"41","author":"Tang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2475","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jchemed.4c00212","article-title":"Assessment of students use of generative artificial intelligence: Prompting strategies and prompt engineering in chemistry education","volume":"101","author":"Tassoti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Chemical Education"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"em2286","DOI":"10.29333\/ejmste\/13272","article-title":"ChatGPT: A revolutionary tool for teaching and learning mathematics","volume":"19","author":"Wardat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13085","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.13085","article-title":"Integrating peer assessment cycle into ChatGPT for STEM education: A randomised controlled trial on knowledge, skills, and attitudes enhancement","volume":"41","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-023-00422-5","article-title":"Leveraging computer vision for adaptive learning in STEM education: Effect of engagement and self-efficacy","volume":"20","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"100309","article-title":"Enhancing Python learning with PyTutor: Efficacy of a ChatGPT-based intelligent tutoring system in programming education","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3726","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2025.2450659","article-title":"The effectiveness of ChatGPT in assisting high school students in programming learning: Evidence from a quasi-experimental research","volume":"33","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Interactive Learning Environments"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2023.100005","article-title":"Augmented intelligence in programming learning: Examining student views on the use of ChatGPT for programming learning","volume":"1","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior: Artificial Humans"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3489","DOI":"10.1002\/rev3.3489","article-title":"Generative AI in education and research: A systematic mapping review","volume":"12","author":"Yusuf","year":"2024","journal-title":"Review of Education"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23577","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-024-12787-9","article-title":"The influences of ChatGPT on undergraduate students\u2019 demonstrated and perceived interdisciplinary learning","volume":"29","author":"Zhong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"}],"container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/16\/9\/1626\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T11:10:20Z","timestamp":1789125020000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/16\/9\/1626"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["bs16091626"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bs16091626","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-328X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-328X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]}}}