{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T17:03:39Z","timestamp":1789578219804,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behav. Sci.","Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>School attendance problems (SAPs) are a widespread phenomenon with significant academic, psychological, social, and relational consequences. These issues are particularly prevalent among adolescents worldwide and require careful examination of the individual and contextual factors associated with their onset and persistence to develop effective prevention and intervention strategies. Grounded in an ecological and systemic framework of school absenteeism, this longitudinal study examined the reciprocal associations between SAPs, learned helplessness, mastery orientation, academic procrastination, perceived competence (general, academic, relational, leisure), and school climate (teacher support, peer connection, school connection, affirming diversity, clarity of rules, and reporting and seeking help) in a sample of 523 high school students (Mage at T1 = 15.64, SD = 0.97), using a cross-lagged panel model. Results indicate temporal stability of SAPs and the examined variables over one school year. Notably, alongside the longitudinal associations between SAPs and different individual and contextual variables, a significant bidirectional relationship emerges between learned helplessness and SAPs, suggesting that feelings of helplessness are linked to greater school disengagement and increased absences. This finding confirms the importance of emotional, motivational, and cognitive vulnerabilities in shaping school participation trajectories. The results emphasize the need for school-based prevention and intervention strategies targeting these factors. Accordingly, guidelines are proposed for educational interventions addressing SAPs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs16091664","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T16:07:29Z","timestamp":1789574849000},"page":"1664","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploratory Longitudinal Associations Between SAPs and Individual and Contextual Variables: Toward the Development of Educational Guidelines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7754-8303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmelo Francesco","family":"Meduri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2777-8798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Concettina","family":"Caparello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Classical, Linguistic and Educational Studies, Kore University of Enna, 94100 Enna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0565-2508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Imbesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7810-9044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Gonz\u00e1lvez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Psychology and Teaching, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5616-0498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luana","family":"Sorrenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98161 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.96.2.358","article-title":"Hopelessness depression: A theory-based subtype of depression","volume":"96","author":"Abramson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"AGIA (2026, June 10). 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