{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:00:33Z","timestamp":1792789233190,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Gachon University","award":["GCU\u2013202504470001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GCU\u2013202504470001"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03ryywt80","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["GCU\u2013202504470001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GCU\u2013202504470001"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03ryywt80","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behav. Sci.","Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study examined the relationships among communication anxiety, bicultural engagement, parenting stress, and parenting efficacy among Chinese marriage migrant women living in Korea, with particular attention to the mediating role of parenting stress. Using cross-sectional survey data, the study tested a structural model linking communication anxiety and acculturation to parenting efficacy through parenting stress. The results showed that higher communication anxiety was associated with higher parenting stress, whereas higher bicultural engagement was associated with lower parenting stress. Parenting stress, in turn, was negatively associated with parenting efficacy. The direct relationship between communication anxiety and parenting efficacy was not significant, while the indirect relationship through parenting stress was significant. Bicultural engagement showed a positive indirect relationship with parenting efficacy through lower parenting stress, although its direct relationship with parenting efficacy was in the opposite direction. These findings suggest that communication anxiety and bicultural engagement represent distinct aspects of migration-related experience and are differently associated with parenting. They also highlight parenting stress as an important mechanism linking migration-related experiences with mothers\u2019 perceptions of parenting competence. The findings underscore the need for support programs that address communication-related anxiety, cultural adjustment, and parenting stress among Chinese marriage migrant women in Korea.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs16091677","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T09:01:38Z","timestamp":1789981298000},"page":"1677","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Communication Anxiety and Bicultural Engagement in Relation to Parenting Efficacy Among Chinese Marriage Migrant Women in Korea: The Mediating Role of Parenting Stress"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Linge","family":"Guan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Early Childhood Education, College of Social Science, Gachon University, Seongnam-si 13120, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5804-3391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yujin","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Early Childhood Education, College of Social Science, Gachon University, Seongnam-si 13120, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Abidin, R. R. (1995). Parenting stress index: Professional manual, Psychological Assessment Resources. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.21459\/kccr.2024.28.4.359","article-title":"Development of adoptive parent microaggression experience scale","volume":"28","author":"Ahn","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Korean Council for Children & Rights"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1177\/0192513X19827988","article-title":"Latino immigrant parents\u2019 experiences with discrimination: Implications for parenting in a hostile immigration policy context","volume":"40","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Family Issues"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.21738\/JHS.2023.8.50.299","article-title":"The effects of parenting characteristics on the social-emotional development of toddlers","volume":"50","author":"Back","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Human Studies"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"5","article-title":"Immigration, acculturation, and adaptation","volume":"46","author":"Berry","year":"1997","journal-title":"Applied Psychology: An International Review"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boruszak-Kiziukiewicz, J., and Kmita, G. (2020). Parenting self-efficacy in immigrant families\u2014A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00985"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1177\/135910457000100301","article-title":"Back-translation for cross-cultural research","volume":"1","author":"Brislin","year":"1970","journal-title":"Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"242","article-title":"The effect of father phubbing on young children\u2019s social\u2013emotional well-being through parenting self-efficacy: A comparative study of Korea and China","volume":"28","author":"Che","year":"2026","journal-title":"Korean Journal of Early Childhood Education Research"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1111\/famp.12797","article-title":"Building a nest in a storm: The impact of immigration-related stress on Latino mothers\u2019 parenting","volume":"62","author":"Vanderziel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Family Process"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.22446\/mnpisk.2015.9.3.005","article-title":"Social support and parenting stress of international marriage migrant women","volume":"9","author":"Hong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Multiculture & Peace"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-4781.1986.tb05256.x","article-title":"Foreign language classroom anxiety","volume":"70","author":"Horwitz","year":"1986","journal-title":"The Modern Language Journal"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jang, S., and Lee, Y.-E. (2026). Migrant mothers\u2019 acculturative stress and young children\u2019s social skills in South Korea: The mediating role of mindful parenting and the moderating roles of multicultural sensitivity and social support. Behavioral Sciences, 16, (6).","DOI":"10.3390\/bs16060940"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaging.2006.10.004","article-title":"A bidimensional model of acculturation for Korean American older adults","volume":"21","author":"Jang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Aging Studies"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"73","article-title":"The relationship between parents\u2019 emotional expressiveness, parenting efficacy, and children\u2019s social-emotional development: Focusing on gender differences","volume":"29","author":"Jang","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Early Childhood Education"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.17643\/KJCE.2022.31.3.05","article-title":"Longitudinal study on the influence of parents\u2019 psychological characteristics and parenting behavior on parenting stress","volume":"31","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Korean Journal of Child Education"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.25024\/kj.2007.47.4.100","article-title":"The state and migrant women: Diverging hopes in the making of \u201cmulticultural families\u201d in contemporary Korea","volume":"47","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Korea Journal"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J., Paik, Y., and Park, S. (2022). Cancer screening program delivered by community health workers for Chinese married immigrant women in Korea. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19, (11).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19116655"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnu.2018.06.004","article-title":"Social support, acculturation stress, and parenting stress among marriage-migrant women with preschool children in South Korea","volume":"32","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Archives of Psychiatric Nursing"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.4069\/whn.2024.05.13","article-title":"Parenting experiences of marriage immigrant women in South Korea during the COVID-19 pandemic: A descriptive phenomenological study","volume":"30","author":"Ko","year":"2024","journal-title":"Women\u2019s Health Nursing"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1111\/fare.12771","article-title":"Pathways from economic hardship to couple conflict by socioeconomic status during COVID-19 in Korea","volume":"72","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Family Relations"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.18205\/kpa.2008.13.3.007","article-title":"Reliability and validity study for the Korean version of parenting stress index short form (K-PSI-SF)","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Korean Journal of Woman Psychology"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"845","article-title":"The effect of parent education program for bilingual education of children on the bilingual teaching efficacy and bicultural competence of parents in Chinese multicultural families","volume":"22","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Journal of Learner-Centered Curriculum and Instruction"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.36431\/JPE.15.1.2","article-title":"Experience of participation in parent education for bilingual children of Chinese mothers in multicultural families","volume":"15","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Parent Education"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"73","article-title":"The impact of cultural adaptation stress, parenting efficacy, and infant temperament on parenting stress of Chinese, Vietnamese, and Japanese marriage migrant women","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Family Relations"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-008-9252-8","article-title":"Self-efficacy beliefs amongst parents of young children: Validation of a self-report measure","volume":"18","author":"Meunier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Child and Family Studies"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Ministry of Justice (2026). Monthly statistics of immigration and foreign policy."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-024-01659-6","article-title":"Parent empowerment as a buffer between perceived stress and parenting self-efficacy in immigrant parents","volume":"27","author":"Park","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.79.1.49","article-title":"Is acculturation unidimensional or bidimensional? A head-to-head comparison in the prediction of personality, self-identity, and adjustment","volume":"79","author":"Ryder","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.46894\/kaipa.2021.4.2.5","article-title":"A study on the effects of marriage immigrant women\u2019s socio-cultural adaptation on children\u2019s attitudes and parenting efficacy","volume":"4","author":"Seo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Korean Journal of Immigration Policy & Administration"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, J. E., Roh, E. H., Chae, H. J., and Kim, T. (2022). Ecological factors influencing parenting self-efficacy among working mothers with a child under 36 month old in South Korea: A cross-sectional and correlational study. BMC Women\u2019s Health, 22, (1).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-022-01639-8"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022110381124","article-title":"Effects of life stress, social support, and cultural norms on parenting styles among mainland Chinese, European Canadian, and Chinese Canadian immigrant mothers","volume":"42","author":"Su","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"135","article-title":"Validation of the \u00e9chelle globale du sentiment de comp\u00e9tence parentale (EGSCP) in korea: A measure of domain-specific self-efficacy and related cognitive constructs for parents","volume":"24","author":"Sung","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Korean Journal of Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2024.104794","article-title":"Reducing parenting stress in Chinese parents of children with learning disabilities with a mindful parenting program: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"151","author":"Tan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Research in Developmental Disabilities"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijintrel.2021.11.005","article-title":"Syrian migrant women\u2019s participation in social activities: The case of izmir","volume":"86","author":"Tarakcioglu","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Intercultural Relations"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijintrel.2022.04.004","article-title":"Towards a dynamic approach to acculturation","volume":"88","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Intercultural Relations"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1111\/pafo.12213","article-title":"Integration of marriage migrants in Korea and Japan: A comparative analysis of ethnic nationalism and citizenship","volume":"37","author":"Zmire","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pacific Focus"}],"container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/16\/9\/1677\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T04:25:54Z","timestamp":1790051154000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/16\/9\/1677"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["bs16091677"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bs16091677","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-328X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-328X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]}}}