{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T10:04:38Z","timestamp":1789985078665,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012456","name":"National Social Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["25BSH096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25BSH096"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012456","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behav. Sci.","Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Academic engagement and mental well-being are central indicators of adolescent development, yet how these domains jointly characterize heterogeneous patterns of adolescent functioning remains insufficiently understood. This study aimed to identify distinct engagement\u2013well-being configurations among adolescents and to examine factors associated with profile membership and differences in perceived academic achievement across profiles. A sample of 1848 Chinese adolescents in Grades 7, 8, and 10 (ages 12\u201318 years) completed measures of academic engagement, mental well-being, and demographic, socioeconomic, and psychosocial characteristics. Latent profile analysis identified five distinct configurations, followed by multinomial logistic regression and distal outcome analyses. The resulting profiles were labeled Moderate Distress with Moderate Functioning, Psychologically Stable but Disengaged, Flourishing and Engaged, Distressed but Engaged, and Highly Vulnerable and Disengaged. Notably, relatively high engagement could coexist with psychological vulnerability, suggesting that engagement alone does not indicate optimal functioning. Psychosocial resources were consistently associated with more favorable profiles, while demographic and socioeconomic factors showed more variable associations. Perceived academic achievement differed across profiles, highlighting the value of considering academic engagement and mental well-being jointly when examining adolescents\u2019 perceived academic achievement. These findings underscore the value of a person-centered perspective for understanding adolescent development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs16091679","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T09:01:38Z","timestamp":1789981298000},"page":"1679","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Beyond Engagement Alone: Heterogeneous Profiles of Academic Engagement and Mental Well-Being Among Chinese Adolescents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4999-5618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaohua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for the Mental Health of Youth from the Era of Conversion of New and Old Kinetic Energy Along the Yellow River Basin, Provincial Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Psychology, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Song","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for the Mental Health of Youth from the Era of Conversion of New and Old Kinetic Energy Along the Yellow River Basin, Provincial Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Psychology, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yunyun","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for the Mental Health of Youth from the Era of Conversion of New and Old Kinetic Energy Along the Yellow River Basin, Provincial Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Psychology, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for the Mental Health of Youth from the Era of Conversion of New and Old Kinetic Energy Along the Yellow River Basin, Provincial Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Psychology, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Xiaohui","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for the Mental Health of Youth from the Era of Conversion of New and Old Kinetic Energy Along the Yellow River Basin, Provincial Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Psychology, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Sufei","family":"Xin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for the Mental Health of Youth from the Era of Conversion of New and Old Kinetic Energy Along the Yellow River Basin, Provincial Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Psychology, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-016-9389-8","article-title":"What schools need to know about fostering school belonging: A meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Allen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Educational Psychology Review"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.5539\/ies.v9n12p41","article-title":"Academic engagement: An overview of its definitions, dimensions, and major conceptualisations","volume":"9","author":"Alrashidi","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Education Studies"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2014.915181","article-title":"Auxiliary variables in mixture modeling: Three-step approaches using Mplus","volume":"21","author":"Asparouhov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1111\/josh.70036","article-title":"A scoping review of school connectedness interventions for adolescents","volume":"95","author":"Attri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of School Health"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-orgpsych-120920-053933","article-title":"Job demands\u2013resources theory: Ten years later","volume":"10","author":"Bakker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091235","article-title":"Burnout and work engagement: The JD\u2013R approach","volume":"1","author":"Bakker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1093\/pan\/mph001","article-title":"Estimating latent structure models with categorical variables: One-step versus three-step estimators","volume":"12","author":"Bolck","year":"2004","journal-title":"Political Analysis"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5502\/ijw.v6i3.526","article-title":"The PERMA-Profiler: A brief multidimensional measure of flourishing","volume":"6","author":"Butler","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Wellbeing"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1080\/17439760.2023.2208099","article-title":"PERMA to PERMA+4 building blocks of well-being: A systematic review of the empirical literature","volume":"19","author":"Cabrera","year":"2024","journal-title":"The Journal of Positive Psychology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12758","DOI":"10.1111\/spc3.12758","article-title":"Theoretical and methodological directions in mindset intervention research","volume":"17","author":"Canning","year":"2023","journal-title":"Social and Personality Psychology Compass"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-026-03144-4","article-title":"Distal outcomes in mixture modeling: A guide for pairwise comparisons, multiplicity control, and effect size reporting","volume":"58","author":"Carter","year":"2026","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2158244017700459","DOI":"10.1177\/2158244017700459","article-title":"The efficacy of common fit indices for enumerating classes in growth mixture models when nested data structure is ignored: A Monte Carlo study","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sage Open"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2016.12.009","article-title":"Perceived social support and self-esteem as mediators of the relationship between parental attachment and life satisfaction among Chinese adolescents","volume":"108","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18856","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-025-08406-6","article-title":"Paying attention to mindset measures: A necessary step to build more robust mindset studies","volume":"44","author":"Combette","year":"2025","journal-title":"Current Psychology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2012.06.006","article-title":"\u201cFeeling\u201d hierarchy: The pathway from subjective social status to achievement","volume":"35","author":"Destin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescence"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa4901_13","article-title":"The satisfaction with life scale","volume":"49","author":"Diener","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of Personality Assessment"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Dweck, C. S. (1999). Self-theories: Their role in motivation, personality, and development, Psychology Press."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1002\/pits.70173","article-title":"A systematic review of school connectedness in middle school students","volume":"63","author":"Gilbertson","year":"2026","journal-title":"Psychology in the Schools"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e31","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.108.2.e31","article-title":"Adolescents\u2019 perceptions of social status: Development and evaluation of a new indicator","volume":"108","author":"Goodman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1080\/17439760.2017.1388434","article-title":"Measuring well-being: A comparison of subjective well-being and PERMA","volume":"13","author":"Goodman","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Journal of Positive Psychology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1007\/s11218-023-09866-z","article-title":"Fixed is not the opposite of growth: Item keying matters for measuring mindsets","volume":"27","author":"Rammstedt","year":"2024","journal-title":"Social Psychology of Education"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, G.-H., Strodl, E., Chen, W.-Q., Liu, F., Hayixibayi, A., and Hou, X.-Y. (2019). Interpersonal conflict, school connectedness and depressive symptoms in Chinese adolescents: Moderation effect of gender and grade level. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16, (12).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16122182"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"155","article-title":"Development of subjective socioeconomic status scale for Chinese adolescents","volume":"20","author":"Hu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, Y., Weng, Y., Ning, P., Han, L., and Zhang, Y. (2025). The relationship between psychological capital and subjective academic achievement among middle school students: The chain mediating role of adolescent internalizing problems and life attitude. BMC Psychology, 13, (1).","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-025-03495-1"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"54","article-title":"Applicability of the positive and negative affect scale in Chinese","volume":"17","author":"Huang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chinese Mental Health Journal"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1177\/08295735211053961","article-title":"Mindset theory and school psychology","volume":"37","author":"Kapasi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of School Psychology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.73.3.539","article-title":"Mental illness and\/or mental health? Investigating axioms of the complete state model of health","volume":"73","author":"Keyes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.62.2.95","article-title":"Promoting and protecting mental health as flourishing: A complementary strategy for improving national mental health","volume":"62","author":"Keyes","year":"2007","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsp.2011.07.004","article-title":"Do girls and boys perceive themselves as equally engaged in school? The results of an international study from 12 countries","volume":"50","author":"Lam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of School Psychology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2013.742377","article-title":"Latent class analysis with distal outcomes: A flexible model-based approach","volume":"20","author":"Lanza","year":"2013","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1002\/jcad.12175","article-title":"The role of social\u2013emotional mediators on middle school students\u2019 academic growth as fostered by an evidence-based intervention","volume":"96","author":"Lemberger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Counseling & Development"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1556-6676.2015.00178.x","article-title":"Effects of the student success skills program on executive functioning skills, feelings of connectedness, and academic achievement in a predominantly Hispanic, low-income middle school district","volume":"93","author":"Lemberger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Counseling & Development"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1002\/jcad.12537","article-title":"Meta-analysis of social and emotional learning interventions delivered by school counselors","volume":"103","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Counseling & Development"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1080\/17439760.2024.2362435","article-title":"Flourishing as \u201csustainable well-being\u201d: Balance and harmony within and across people, ecosystems, and time","volume":"20","author":"Lomas","year":"2025","journal-title":"The Journal of Positive Psychology"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2505","DOI":"10.1177\/0192513X18755194","article-title":"The role of high parental expectations in adolescents\u2019 academic performance and depression in Hong Kong","volume":"39","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Family Issues"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2016.05.008","article-title":"Stress and child development: A review of the family stress model","volume":"13","author":"Masarik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Psychology"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Little, T. D. (2013). Latent class analysis and finite mixture modeling. The Oxford handbook of quantitative methods: Statistical analysis, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1746-1561.2002.tb06533.x","article-title":"Promoting school connectedness: Evidence from the national longitudinal study of adolescent health","volume":"72","author":"McNeely","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of School Health"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-025-00596-5","article-title":"Representing subpopulations with latent profile analysis: A non-technical introduction using exercisers\u2019 goal orientation adoption profiles","volume":"49","author":"Moore","year":"2026","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Medicine"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70021","DOI":"10.1002\/ijop.70021","article-title":"Introduction to the best practice recommendations for longitudinal latent transition analysis","volume":"60","author":"Moore","year":"2025","journal-title":"International Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Musci, R. J., Kush, J. M., Pas, E. T., and Bradshaw, C. P. (2024). Class enumeration in mixture modeling with nested data: A brief report. The Journal of Experimental Education, Advance online publication.","DOI":"10.1080\/00220973.2024.2386983"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Muth\u00e9n, L. K., and Muth\u00e9n, B. O. (Mplus user\u2019s guide (Version 9) [Computer software], 1998\u20132025). Mplus user\u2019s guide (Version 9) [Computer software]."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1037\/tps0000176","article-title":"Ten frequently asked questions about latent class analysis","volume":"4","author":"Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Translational Issues in Psychological Science"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1177\/0143034311427433","article-title":"Anxiety and depression in academic performance: An exploration of the mediating factors of worry and working memory","volume":"33","author":"Owens","year":"2012","journal-title":"School Psychology International"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pang, Z., Tu, D., and Cai, Y. (2019). Psychometric properties of the SAS, BAI, and S-AI in Chinese university students. Frontiers in Psychology, 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00093"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cedpsych.2006.10.003","article-title":"A latent profile analysis of college students\u2019 achievement goal orientation","volume":"32","author":"Pastor","year":"2007","journal-title":"Contemporary Educational Psychology"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1111\/josh.70037","article-title":"A review of school connectedness: Definitions, antecedents, and psychological outcomes","volume":"95","author":"Peng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of School Health"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s10902-004-1278-z","article-title":"Orientations to happiness and life satisfaction: The full life versus the empty life","volume":"6","author":"Peterson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Happiness Studies"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2015.1127215","article-title":"A review of cognitive biases in youth depression: Attention, interpretation and memory","volume":"31","author":"Platt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cognition and Emotion"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qi, M., Sun, Q., Zhao, X., Gao, Y., Zhao, D., Shen, S., Zayidan, P., Xiu, Z., and Li, P. (2022). A latent profile analysis of PERMA: Associations with physical activity and psychological distress among Chinese nursing college students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19, (23).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192316098"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qian, Y.-Q., Zeng, X., Wang, Y., Tong, T., Yan, H., Wu, J., and Chu, J. (2026). Flourishing in individuals undergoing maintenance hemodialysis in Shanghai: A latent profile analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1743933"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1177\/014662167700100306","article-title":"The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population","volume":"1","author":"Radloff","year":"1977","journal-title":"Applied Psychological Measurement"},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"R Core Team (2026, June 10). R: A language and environment for statistical computing (Version 4.5.3) [Computer software], Available online: https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-025-09989-z","article-title":"Specialized purpose of each type of student engagement: A meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Reeve","year":"2025","journal-title":"Educational Psychology Review"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Revelle, W. (2026, June 10). psych: Procedures for psychological, psychometric, and personality research (Version 2.6.5) [Computer software], Available online: https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=psych."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.00978","article-title":"tidyLPA: An R package to easily carry out latent profile analysis (LPA) using open-source or commercial software","volume":"3","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Open Source Software"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1080\/10615800802609965","article-title":"How obstacles and facilitators predict academic performance: The mediating role of study burnout and engagement","volume":"23","author":"Salanova","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anxiety, Stress, & Coping"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2016.01.001","article-title":"Integrating the light and dark sides of student engagement using person-oriented and situation-specific approaches","volume":"43","author":"Moeller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Learning and Instruction"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1111\/jora.12619","article-title":"Student engagement in adolescence: A scoping review of longitudinal studies 2010\u20132020","volume":"31","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Research on Adolescence"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reschly, A. L., and Christenson, S. L. (2022). Study demands-resources model of student engagement and burnout. Handbook of research on student engagement, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-07853-8"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164405282471","article-title":"The measurement of work engagement with a short questionnaire: A cross-national study","volume":"66","author":"Schaufeli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Educational and Psychological Measurement"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022102033005003","article-title":"Burnout and engagement in university students: A cross-national study","volume":"33","author":"Schaufeli","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edurev.2022.100479","article-title":"Measuring those who have their minds set: An item-level meta-analysis of the implicit theories of intelligence scale in education","volume":"37","author":"Scherer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Educational Research Review"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181a819a1","article-title":"Overadjustment bias and unnecessary adjustment in epidemiologic studies","volume":"20","author":"Schisterman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2014.11.001","article-title":"Implicit theories and youth mental health problems: A random-effects meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"Schleider","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1007\/s10212-020-00500-6","article-title":"All better than being disengaged: Student engagement patterns and their relations to academic self-concept and achievement","volume":"36","author":"Schnitzler","year":"2021","journal-title":"European Journal of Psychology of Education"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1177\/00049441241278411","article-title":"Associations between mental health profiles and later school outcomes","volume":"68","author":"Brushe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Australian Journal of Education"},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). Authentic happiness: Using the new positive psychology to realize your potential for lasting fulfillment, Free Press."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Seligman, M. E. P. (2011). Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being, Free Press."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1080\/17439760.2018.1437466","article-title":"PERMA and the building blocks of well-being","volume":"13","author":"Seligman","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Journal of Positive Psychology"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1080\/03054980902934563","article-title":"Positive education: Positive psychology and classroom interventions","volume":"35","author":"Seligman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oxford Review of Education"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1007\/s10902-013-9459-2","article-title":"Psychological capital among university students: Relationships with study engagement and intrinsic motivation","volume":"15","author":"Siu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Happiness Studies"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-025-02812-1","article-title":"A systematic review of latent class analysis in psychology: Examining the gap between guidelines and research practice","volume":"57","author":"Sorgente","year":"2025","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvb.2020.103445","article-title":"Latent profile analysis: A review and \u201chow to\u201d guide of its application within vocational behavior research","volume":"120","author":"Spurk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Vocational Behavior"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0167.53.1.80","article-title":"The meaning in life questionnaire: Assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life","volume":"53","author":"Steger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Counseling Psychology"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sticca, F., Goetz, T., Bieg, M., Hall, N. C., Eberle, F., and Haag, L. (2017). Examining the accuracy of students\u2019 self-reported academic grades from a correlational and a discrepancy perspective: Evidence from a longitudinal study. PLoS ONE, 12, (11).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187367"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lazarus, P. J., Suldo, S., and Doll, B. (2021). Conceptualizing youth mental health through a dual-factor model. Fostering the emotional well-being of our youth: A school-based approach, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/med-psych\/9780190918873.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reschly, A. L., and Christenson, S. L. (2022). Relationships between student engagement and mental health as conceptualized from a dual-factor model. Handbook of research on student engagement, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-07853-8"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1080\/02796015.2008.12087908","article-title":"Looking beyond psychopathology: The dual-factor model of mental health in youth","volume":"37","author":"Suldo","year":"2008","journal-title":"School Psychology Review"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1080\/00131911.2012.659657","article-title":"Educational stress among Chinese adolescents: Individual, family, school and peer influences","volume":"65","author":"Sun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Educational Review"},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Tabachnick, B. G., and Fidell, L. S. (2019). Using multivariate statistics, Pearson Education. [7th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2431","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-025-02319-x","article-title":"The nature of the relation between mental well-being and ill-being","volume":"9","author":"Tamnes","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature Human Behaviour"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v105.i07","article-title":"Expanding tidy data principles to facilitate missing data exploration, visualization and assessment of imputations","volume":"105","author":"Tierney","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dimitrova, R., and Wiium, N. (2021). Positive youth development through student engagement: Associations with well-being. Handbook of positive youth development: Advancing research, policy, and practice in global contexts, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-70262-5"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/s44184-026-00193-7","article-title":"Mental illness, mental health, and mental well-being","volume":"5","author":"VanderWeele","year":"2026","journal-title":"npj Mental Health Research"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1111\/1532-7795.00033","article-title":"Coping with family conflict and economic strain: The adolescent perspective","volume":"12","author":"Wadsworth","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Research on Adolescence"},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"Wang, J., Li, D., and Zhang, W. (2010). Adolescents\u2019 family financial difficulty and social adaptation: Coping efficacy of compensatory, mediation, and moderation effects. Journal of Beijing Normal University (Social Sciences), 22\u201332."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030028","article-title":"Adolescent educational success and mental health vary across school engagement profiles","volume":"49","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2012.01.024","article-title":"Chinese students\u2019 implicit theories of intelligence and school performance: Implications for their approach to schoolwork","volume":"52","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"764","article-title":"Psychometric evaluation of the meaning in life questionnaire in Chinese middle school students","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.54.6.1063","article-title":"Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales","volume":"54","author":"Watson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, Z., Yang, T., Gu, X., Dong, J., and Hassan, N. C. (2025). Psychometric validation of Utrecht work engagement scale-student-9 in Chinese undergraduate students. Frontiers in Psychology, 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1486363"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.01686","article-title":"Welcome to the tidyverse","volume":"4","author":"Wickham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Open Source Software"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-021-09628-3","article-title":"Student engagement: Current state of the construct, conceptual refinement, and future research directions","volume":"34","author":"Wong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Educational Psychology Review"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1037\/edu0000833","article-title":"Student engagement and its association with academic achievement and subjective well-being: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"116","author":"Wong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijer.2025.102761","article-title":"School connectedness in the investigation of adolescents\u2019 learning and well-being development: Protocol for a scoping review","volume":"134","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Research"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000370","article-title":"What is meant by \u201cgrowth mindset\u201d? Current theory, measurement practices, and empirical results leave much open to interpretation: Commentary on Macnamara and Burgoyne (2023) and Burnette et al. (2023)","volume":"149","author":"Yan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, D., Cai, Z., Wang, C., Zhang, C., Chen, P., and Huang, R. (2023). Not all engaged students are alike: Patterns of engagement and burnout among elementary students using a person-centered approach. BMC Psychology, 11, (1).","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-023-01071-z"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000794","article-title":"What can be learned from growth mindset controversies?","volume":"75","author":"Yeager","year":"2020","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091358","article-title":"Disorders of childhood and adolescence: Gender and psychopathology","volume":"4","author":"Shirtcliff","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annual Review of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.08.122","article-title":"Factor structure of the Chinese CES-D and invariance analyses across gender and over time among Chinese adolescents","volume":"295","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3182(71)71479-0","article-title":"A rating instrument for anxiety disorders","volume":"12","author":"Zung","year":"1971","journal-title":"Psychosomatics: Journal of Consultation and Liaison Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/16\/9\/1679\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T09:35:31Z","timestamp":1789983331000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/16\/9\/1679"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["bs16091679"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bs16091679","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-328X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-328X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]}}}