{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T10:04:49Z","timestamp":1789985089245,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Seedlings Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behav. Sci.","Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are strongly associated with poor physical, mental, and social outcomes, yet few studies have examined ACE prevalence across birth cohorts. We pooled Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data from 2009\u20132012 and 2019\u20132024 (1925\u20132003 birth cohorts) and analyzed them using an Age\u2013Period\u2013Cohort (APC) model. Early cohorts (circa 1930) reported a mean ACE score &lt; 1 (prevalence of ACE score \u2265 4: ~1 in 20), whereas late 1990s\/early 2000s cohorts reported a mean score &gt; 2 (prevalence of ACE score \u2265 4: ~1 in 4). In APC models, the 1955\u20131979 cohorts had ~50% higher mean ACE scores (incidence rate ratio [IRR]: ~1.50) than pre-1930 cohorts. Additionally, ACE reporting was ~25% lower in 2009 than in 2019 (IRR = 0.75), indicating a strong period effect toward greater disclosure. At the population level, childhood adversity has shifted to a high-prevalence reality, likely reflecting both historical increases across cohorts and a shift toward greater disclosure over time. Addressing this cumulative burden requires integrated, intersectoral policy and safety-net reforms across the health, education, social services, and justice sectors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs16091687","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T09:01:38Z","timestamp":1789981298000},"page":"1687","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A New Normal: An Age\u2013Period\u2013Cohort Analysis of the Transformed Childhood Adversity Landscape in the United States"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Brown","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"BCGI LLC\/Pivot-23.5\u00b0, Cornelius, NC 28031, USA"},{"name":"Developmental Adversity, Resilience, and Transformation Lab, School of Public and Community Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Robert F.","family":"Anda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Developmental Adversity, Resilience, and Transformation Lab, School of Public and Community Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA"},{"name":"ACE Interface LLC, Peachtree City, GA 30269, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Laura E.","family":"Porter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Developmental Adversity, Resilience, and Transformation Lab, School of Public and Community Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA"},{"name":"ACE Interface LLC, Shelton, WA 98584, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-005-0624-4","article-title":"The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood: A convergence of evidence from neurobiology and epidemiology","volume":"256","author":"Anda","year":"2006","journal-title":"European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2020.01.009","article-title":"Inside the adverse childhood experience score: Strengths, limitations, and misapplications","volume":"59","author":"Anda","year":"2020","journal-title":"American Journal of Preventive Medicine"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1037\/spq0000256","article-title":"The association between adverse childhood experience (ACE) and school success in elementary school children","volume":"33","author":"Blodgett","year":"2018","journal-title":"School Psychology Quarterly"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2009.06.021","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences and the risk of premature mortality","volume":"37","author":"Brown","year":"2009","journal-title":"American Journal of Preventive Medicine"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cameron, A. 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