{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T10:03:30Z","timestamp":1789985010073,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behav. Sci.","Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dance and rhythmic physical activity may support motor and cognitive development in children, but the magnitude and consistency of these effects remain uncertain, and individual trials frequently contribute multiple statistically dependent outcomes. Five electronic databases and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched from inception to May 2026. Executive function (EF) and motor competence (MC) were analyzed as separate primary domains using multilevel random-effects models with an estimated sampling variance\u2013covariance structure and trial-clustered CR2 robust inference. Cluster-randomized designs, shared controls, and overlapping reports were explicitly accounted for. Twenty-two reports representing 21 unique trials and 2496 unique children were included. The primary EF model included 34 core-EF effect sizes from seven trials and yielded g = 0.50 (95% CI [\u22120.04, 1.04], p = 0.063; 95% PI [\u22121.24, 2.24]). The MC model included 103 effect sizes from 17 trials and showed a positive average effect (g = 0.95, 95% CI [0.39, 1.52], p = 0.003; 95% PI [\u22121.43, 3.34]). Trial-clustered dose\u2013response models did not identify statistically supported associations for intervention duration, total minutes, weekly frequency, or session duration. Certainty of evidence was very low for EF and low for MC. Dance and rhythmic physical activity may improve motor competence in children on average, although effects vary substantially across settings. Executive-function findings remain preliminary and statistically uncertain. Current evidence does not support causal recommendations for longer interventions or higher total doses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs16091699","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T09:01:38Z","timestamp":1789981298000},"page":"1699","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Dance and Rhythmic Physical Activity Interventions on Executive Function and Motor Competence in Children: A Systematic Review and Three-Level Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4130-0622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Chongqing Electric Power College, Chongqing 400053, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1878-5215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lingyun","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education, General Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haozhe","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjia","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1590\/1984-0462\/;2018;36;3;00004","article-title":"The influence of educational dance on the motor development of children","volume":"36","author":"Anjos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Revista Paulista de Pediatria"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-024-02040-1","article-title":"Associations between motor competence and executive functions in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"54","author":"Bao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sports Medicine"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01516-8","article-title":"Through the looking glass: A systematic review of longitudinal evidence, providing new insight for motor competence and health","volume":"52","author":"Barnett","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sports Medicine"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13358","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.13358","article-title":"A translational application of music for preschool cognitive development: RCT evidence for improved executive function, self-regulation, and school readiness","volume":"26","author":"Bentley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Developmental Science"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2010.01499.x","article-title":"A developmental perspective on executive function","volume":"81","author":"Best","year":"2010","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2011.12.005","article-title":"Neurocognitive control in dance perception and performance","volume":"139","author":"Cross","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Psychologica"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1177\/0031512518765545","article-title":"Dancing effects on preschoolers\u2019 sensorimotor synchronization, balance, and movement reaction time","volume":"125","author":"Chatzihidiroglou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Perceptual and Motor Skills"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"19","article-title":"The effectiveness of a music-movement program on manipulative skills performance of six years old children","volume":"5","author":"Chatzipanteli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Inquiries in Sport & Physical Education"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"161","article-title":"Effects of balance training using action songs on postural control and muscle strength in preschool children","volume":"15","author":"Chatzopoulos","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2844","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhn042","article-title":"Listening to musical rhythms recruits motor regions of the brain","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Cohen, J. 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