{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T18:05:59Z","timestamp":1791309959807,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":146,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,21]],"date-time":"2012-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1340236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To maintain well-being, all organisms require the ability to re-establish homeostasis in the presence of adverse physiological or psychological experiences. The regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis during stress is important in preventing maladaptive responses that may increase susceptibility to affective disorders. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is a central stress hormone in the HPA axis pathway and has been implicated in stress-induced psychiatric disorders, reproductive and cardiac function, as well as energy metabolism. In the context of psychiatric disorders, CRH dysfunction is associated with the occurrence of post-traumatic stress disorder, major depression, anorexia nervosa, and anxiety disorders. Here, we review the synthesis, molecular signaling and regulation, as well as synaptic activity of CRH. We go on to summarize studies of altered CRH signaling in mutant animal models. This assembled data demonstrate an important role for CRH in neuroendocrine, autonomic, and behavioral correlates of adaptation and maladaptation. Next, we present findings regarding human genetic polymorphisms in CRH pathway genes that are associated with stress and psychiatric disorders. Finally, we discuss a role for regulators of CRH activity as potential sites for therapeutic intervention aimed at treating maladaptive behaviors associated with stress.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs2020135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,21]],"date-time":"2012-06-21T18:56:28Z","timestamp":1340304988000},"page":"135-171","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Behavioral Studies and Genetic Alterations in Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH) Neurocircuitry: Insights into Human Psychiatric Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Gloria","family":"Laryea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Graduate Program, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, 465 21st. Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232, USA"},{"name":"Center for Preterm Birth Research, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melinda G.","family":"Arnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Preterm Birth Research, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louis J.","family":"Muglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Preterm Birth Research, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6267699","article-title":"Characterization of a 41-residue ovine hypothalamic peptide that stimulates secretion of corticotropin and beta-endorphin","volume":"213","author":"Vale","year":"1981","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7570","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.121165198","article-title":"Identification of urocortin III, an additional member of the corticotropin-releasing factor CRF family with high affinity for the CRF2 receptor","volume":"98","author":"Lewis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. 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