{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T12:21:42Z","timestamp":1765887702096,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,9]],"date-time":"2015-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1425859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present investigation sought to expand our understanding of the cognitive processes underlying the recognition of antonyms and to evaluate whether these processes differed in patients with schizophrenia and in healthy controls. Antonymy is the most robust of the lexico-semantic relations and is relevant to both the mental organization of the lexicon and the organization of coherent discourse, as attested by the resurgence of interest in antonymy in the linguistic and psychological domains. In contrast, the vast literature on semantic processing in schizophrenia almost ignored antonymy. In this study, we tested the online comprehension of antonyms in 39 Italian patients with paranoid schizophrenia and in an equal number of pairwise-matched healthy controls. Participants read a definitional sentence fragment (e.g., the opposite of black is), followed by the correct antonym (white) or by a semantically unrelated word (nice), and judged whether or not the target word was correct. Patients were rather accurate in identifying antonyms, but compared to controls, they showed longer response times and higher priming scores, suggesting an exaggerated contextual facilitation. Presumably, this reflects a deficient controlled semantic processing and an overreliance on stored semantic representations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs5010093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,9]],"date-time":"2015-03-09T11:47:19Z","timestamp":1425901639000},"page":"93-112","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Is Black Always the Opposite of White? An Investigation on the Comprehension of Antonyms in People with Schizophrenia and in Healthy Participants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Cristina","family":"Cacciari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neurological Sciences, University of Modena,  Via Campi 287, Modena 41100, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Pesciarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neurological Sciences, University of Modena,  Via Campi 287, Modena 41100, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tania","family":"Gamberoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Salute Mentale, Via Martiri 63, Pavullo 41126, Italy"},{"name":"Villa Igea Private Hospital, Via Stradella 73, Modena 41100, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Ferlazzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78, Rome 00185, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leo","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Villa Igea Private Hospital, Via Stradella 73, Modena 41100, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Pedrazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Salute Mentale Polo Ovest, Via Newton 150, Modena 41126, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ermanno","family":"Melati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Salute Mentale Polo Ovest, Via Newton 150, Modena 41126, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-818X.2010.00216.x","article-title":"Language in Schizophrenia. Part 1. An Introduction","volume":"4","author":"Kuperberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lang. Linguist. Compass"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-818X.2010.00217.x","article-title":"Language in Schizophrenia. Part 2. What psycholinguistics bring to the study of schizophrenia\u2026 and vice versa?","volume":"4","author":"Kuperberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lang. Linguist. Compass"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroling.2009.03.002","article-title":"Schizotypy and language: A review","volume":"23","author":"Kiang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurolinguist."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2011.11.015","article-title":"Cognition in schizophrenia: Core psychological and neural mechanisms","volume":"1","author":"Barch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721410378033","article-title":"Cognitive functioning and disability in schizophrenia","volume":"19","author":"Harvey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroling.2009.08.003","article-title":"The genetic basis of thought disorder and language and communication disturbances in schizophrenia","volume":"23","author":"Levy","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurolinguist."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh466","article-title":"Right hemisphere language functions and schizophrenia: The forgotten hemisphere?","volume":"128","author":"Mitchell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00068-4","article-title":"Schizophrenia and cognitive function","volume":"10","author":"Kuperberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.3390\/bs3030330","article-title":"Memory Deficits in Schizophrenia: A Selective Review of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) Studies","volume":"30","author":"Kraguljac","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617702801357","article-title":"Semantic priming in schizophrenia: A review and synthesis","volume":"8","author":"Minzenberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.106.032102","article-title":"Semantic priming in schizophrenia: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"192","author":"Oh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20950","article-title":"Neural representation of abstract and concrete concepts: A meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2009.12.003","article-title":"Automatic semantic priming abnormalities in schizophrenia","volume":"75","author":"Mathalon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2012.02.026","article-title":"Electrophysiological evidence for primary semantic memory functional organization deficits in schizophrenia","volume":"196","author":"Kiang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2012.08.007","article-title":"Abnormal functioning of the semantic network in schizophrenia patients with thought disorganization. An exemplar production task","volume":"205","author":"Usall","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-011-0020-7","article-title":"Slow and steady: Sustained effects of lexico-semantic associations can mediate referential impairments in schizophrenia","volume":"11","author":"Ditman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.108.1.120","article-title":"Context-processing deficits in schizophrenia: Converging evidence from three theoretically motivated cognitive tasks","volume":"108","author":"Cohen","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.107.3.423","article-title":"Reduced sensitivity to linguistic context in schizophrenic thought disorder: Evidence from on-line monitoring for words in linguistically anomalous sentences","volume":"107","author":"Kuperberg","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00014188","article-title":"Cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia: Unifying basic research and clinical aspects","volume":"249","author":"McCarley","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-8986.2004.00173.x","article-title":"Processing sentence context in women with schizotypal personality disorder: An ERP study","volume":"41","author":"Niznikiewicz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.109.4.761","article-title":"Contextual insensitivity in schizophrenic language processing: Evidence from lexical ambiguity","volume":"109","author":"Titone","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.111.2.313","article-title":"Idiom processing in schizophrenia: Literal implausibility saves the day for idiom priming","volume":"111","author":"Titone","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.99.1.45","article-title":"Context, cortex, and dopamine: A connectionist approach to behavior and biology in schizophrenia","volume":"99","author":"Cohen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.105.4.592","article-title":"Semantic priming in schizophrenia: An examination of spreading activation using word pronunciation and multiple SOAs","volume":"105","author":"Barch","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2004.02.057","article-title":"Semantic memory and verbal working memory correlates of N400 to subordinate homographs","volume":"55","author":"Salisbury","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2007.00565.x","article-title":"The time course of building discourse coherence in schizophrenia: An ERP investigation","volume":"44","author":"Ditman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.schbul.a006955","article-title":"The language system in schizophrenia: Effects of capacity and linguistic structure","volume":"28","author":"Condray","year":"2002","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617710000664","article-title":"Production of atypical category exemplars in patients with schizophrenia","volume":"16","author":"Bressan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroling.2009.03.003","article-title":"Building coherence: A framework for exploring the breakdown of links across clause boundaries in schizophrenia","volume":"23","author":"Ditman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurolinguist."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2012.07.015","article-title":"The role of polarity in antonym and synonym conceptual knowledge: Evidence from stroke aphasia and multidimensional ratings of abstract words","volume":"50","author":"Crutch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones, S. (2002). Antonymy: A Corpus-Based Perspective, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203166253"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1075\/rcl.9.2.02par","article-title":"Antonymy: From convention to meaning-making","volume":"9","author":"Paradis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Cogn. Linguist."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1080\/01690965.2010.520943","article-title":"Dimensions and their poles: A metric and topological theory of opposites","volume":"26","author":"Bianchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lang. Cogn. Process."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fellbaum, C. (1998). WordNet: An Electronic Lexical Database, MIT Press.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/7287.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Willners, C. (2001). Antonyms in Context. A Corpus-Based Semantic Analysis of Swedish Descriptive Adjective. Travaux de l\u2019Institut de Linguistique de Lund 40, Department of Linguistics, Lund University."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murphy, M.L. (2003). Semantic Relations and the Lexicon: Antonymy, Synonymy and Other Paradigms, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511486494"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2013.10.011","article-title":"Antonym canonicity: Temporal and contextual manipulations","volume":"128","author":"Paradis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1075\/ml.4.3.04par","article-title":"Good and bad opposites: Using textual and psycholinguistic techniques to measure antonym canonicity","volume":"4","author":"Paradis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mental Lex."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-596X(89)90030-2","article-title":"The organization of adjectival meanings","volume":"28","author":"Gross","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Memory Lang."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1037\/h0021941","article-title":"Some verbal aspects of primary-process thought: A partial replication","volume":"95","author":"Blumberg","year":"1965","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1037\/h0040349","article-title":"Some verbal aspects of primary process thought in schizophrenia","volume":"62","author":"Burstein","year":"1961","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-934X(87)90077-0","article-title":"Event-related potentials, semantic processes, and expectancy factors in word recognition","volume":"31","author":"Bentin","year":"1987","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0b013e328332c4f4","article-title":"Parafoveal and foveal N400s dissociate spreading activation from contextual fit","volume":"20","author":"Kretzschmar","year":"2009","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2007.19.8.1259","article-title":"To predict or not to predict: Influences of task and strategy on the processing of semantic relations","volume":"19","author":"Roehm","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03196544","article-title":"Is semantic priming due to association strength or feature overlap? A microanalytic review","volume":"10","author":"Hutchison","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychon. Bull. Rev."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1017\/S0142716499002052","article-title":"Target-error resemblance in French word substitution speech errors and the mental lexicon","volume":"20","author":"Arnaud","year":"1999","journal-title":"Appl. Psycholinguist."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.06.049","article-title":"Neural substrates of semantic relationships: Common and distinct left-frontal activities for generation of synonyms vs. antonyms","volume":"48","author":"Jeon","year":"2009","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-5597(98)00023-9","article-title":"The N400 in a semantic categorization task across six decades","volume":"108","author":"Kutas","year":"1998","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.87.4.329","article-title":"A theory of reading: From eye fixations to comprehension","volume":"87","author":"Just","year":"1980","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.20.4.442","article-title":"Building up linguistic context in schizophrenia: Evidence from self-paced reading","volume":"20","author":"Kuperberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(01)00341-3","article-title":"Visual backward-masking deficits in schizophrenia: Relationship to visual pathway function and symptomatology","volume":"59","author":"Butler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2005.07.020","article-title":"An investigation of semantic priming in schizophrenia using a new priming paradigm","volume":"80","author":"Quelen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(98)00043-7","article-title":"Slower and more variable reaction times in schizophrenia: What do they signify?","volume":"32","author":"Vinogradov","year":"1998","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(93)90054-H","article-title":"Associative semantic network dysfunction in thought-disordered schizophrenic patients: Direct evidence from indirect semantic priming","volume":"34","author":"Spitzer","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.103.3.485","article-title":"Semantic and phonological priming in schizophrenia","volume":"103","author":"Spitzer","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2009.07.024","article-title":"Increased unconscious semantic activation in schizophrenia patients with formal thought disorder","volume":"114","author":"Kiefer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e82882","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0082882","article-title":"Investigating thought disorder in schizophrenia: Evidence for pathological activation","volume":"8","author":"Safadi","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1177\/155005940803900217","article-title":"Semantic activation and verbal working memory maintenance in schizophrenic thought disorder: Insights from electrophysiology and lexical ambiguity","volume":"39","author":"Salisbury","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. EEG Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2009.12.002","article-title":"Neurocognitive mechanisms of conceptual processing in healthy adults and patients with schizophrenia","volume":"75","author":"Sitnikova","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(96)00066-7","article-title":"Length of illness and the gradient from positive to negative semantic priming in schizophrenic patients","volume":"22","author":"Maher","year":"1996","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/13546800344000309","article-title":"A meta-analytic review of verbal fluency deficits in schizophrenia relative to other neurocognitive deficits","volume":"10","author":"Henry","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cogn. Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1614.2000.00647.x","article-title":"Verbal fluency in schizophrenia: Reduction in semantic store","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Aust. New Zealand J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3841(76)90015-2","article-title":"Three classes of antonym in English","volume":"38","author":"Cruse","year":"1976","journal-title":"Lingua"},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Jezek, E. (2005). Lessico. Classi di Parole, Strutture e Combinazioni, Il Mulino. (In Italian)."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2008.11.012","article-title":"Qualitative differences in the representation of abstract versus concrete words: Evidence from the visual-world paradigm","volume":"110","author":"Afonso","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021446","article-title":"The representation of abstract words: Why emotion matters","volume":"140","author":"Kousta","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"52","article-title":"Verbal abstraction in psychiatric illness: Assay of impairment utilizing proverbs","volume":"107","author":"Gorham","year":"1961","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2009.11.030","article-title":"The comprehension of idiomatic expressions in schizophrenic patients","volume":"48","author":"Schettino","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00799","article-title":"Is the comprehension of idiomatic sentences indeed impaired in paranoid schizophrenia? A window into semantic processing deficits","volume":"8","author":"Pesciarelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosc."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, APA. [5th ed.].","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"227","article-title":"Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), Expanded Version (4.0): Scales, anchor points, and administration manual","volume":"3","author":"Ventura","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. J. Methods Psychiatric Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/13.2.261","article-title":"The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia","volume":"13","author":"Kay","year":"1987","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.8.1371","article-title":"The value of referring to recently introduced antipsychotics as \u201csecond generation\u201d","volume":"160","author":"Lohr","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Miceli, G., Laudanna, A., Burani, C., and Capasso, R. (1994). Batteria per l\u2019Analisi dei Deficit Afasici (B.A.D.A.), CEPSAG, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore. (In Italian)."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"477","article-title":"Tre test clinici di ricerca e produzione lessicale. Taratura su soggetti normali","volume":"47","author":"Novelli","year":"1986","journal-title":"Arch. Psicol. Neurol. Psichiatr."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Lezak, M.D., Howieson, D.B., and Loring, D.W. (2004). Neuropsychological Assessment, Oxford University Press. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.42.4.1042","article-title":"Beyond the abstract\u2013concrete dichotomy: Mode of acquisition, concreteness, imageability, familiarity, age of acquisition, context availability, and abstractness norms for a set of 417 Italian words","volume":"42","author":"Vigliocco","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.08.025","article-title":"Semantic hyperpriming in schizophrenic patients: Increased facilitation or impaired inhibition in semantic association processing?","volume":"89","author":"Lecardeur","year":"2007","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Anderson, R.C., Spiro, R.J., and Montague, W.E. (1977). Schooling and the Acquisition of Knowledge, Laurence Erlbaum."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroling.2006.06.002","article-title":"Conceptual combination in schizophrenia: Contrasting property and relational interpretations","volume":"20","author":"Titone","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurolinguist."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.12.1677","article-title":"Cognitive substrates of thought disorder: Specifying a candidate cognitive mechanism","volume":"155","author":"Aloia","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700026957","article-title":"Semantic memory is both impaired and anomalous in schizophrenia","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(01)00202-X","article-title":"An investigation of the integrity of semantic boundaries in schizophrenia","volume":"53","author":"Elvevag","year":"2002","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-8986.3960851","article-title":"Electrophysiological insights into language processing in schizophrenia","volume":"39","author":"Sitnikova","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1999.0441","article-title":"Functional specialization for semantic and phonological processing in the left inferior frontal cortex","volume":"10","author":"Poldrack","year":"1999","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.1997.9.6.727","article-title":"Segregating semantic from phonological processes during reading","volume":"9","author":"Price","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."}],"container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/5\/1\/93\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:43:17Z","timestamp":1760215397000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/5\/1\/93"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,9]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]}},"alternative-id":["bs5010093"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bs5010093","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-328X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-328X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,9]]}}}