{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T16:41:36Z","timestamp":1779986496181,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,11]],"date-time":"2019-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose. This study investigated the effect of demographic, socioeconomic, and psychological factors as well as the role of health determinants on alcohol consumption and binge drinking among economically disadvantaged African American older adults with type 2 diabetes mellites (T2DM). Methods. This survey recruited 231 African Americans who were older adults (age 65+ years) and had T2DM. Participants were selected from economically disadvantaged areas of South Los Angeles. A structured face-to-face interview was conducted to collect data on demographic factors, objective and subjective socioeconomic status (SES) including education and financial difficulty, living arrangement, marital status, health, and drinking behaviors (drinking and binge drinking). Results. Age, gender, living alone, pain, comorbid conditions, and smoking were associated with drinking\/binge drinking. Male gender, pain, and being a smoker were associated with higher odds of drinking\/binge drinking, while individuals with more comorbid medical conditions had lower odds of binge drinking. Conclusion. In economically constrained urban environments, gender, pain, and smoking but not age, SES, depression, and health may predict binge drinking for African American older adults with T2DM. African Americans older adult men with T2DM with comorbid pain should be screened for binge drinking.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs9090097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,11]],"date-time":"2019-09-11T11:26:34Z","timestamp":1568201194000},"page":"97","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Binge Drinking among Economically Disadvantaged African American Older Adults with Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5054-6250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shervin","family":"Assari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, 118th St, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James L.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, 118th St, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Saqib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohsen","family":"Bazargan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, 118th St, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA"},{"name":"Departments of Family Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"407","article-title":"Racial disparities in African Americans with diabetes: Process and outcome mismatch","volume":"18","author":"Bulger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Manag. Care"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phr.2004.04.011","article-title":"Reducing disparities for African Americans with diabetes: Progress made by the REACH 2010 Charleston and Georgetown Diabetes Coalition","volume":"119","author":"Jenkins","year":"2004","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1177\/014572179502100107","article-title":"Self-efficacy and confidence in outcomes as determinants of self-care practices in inner-city, African-American women with non-insulin-dependent diabetes","volume":"21","author":"Skelly","year":"1995","journal-title":"Diabetes Educ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1177\/014572170302900311","article-title":"A systematic review of diabetes self-care interventions for older, African American, or Latino adults","volume":"29","author":"Sarkisian","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes Educ."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"47","article-title":"\u2018From Kava to Lager\u2019\u2014Alcohol consumption and drinking patterns for older adults of Pacific ethnic groups, and Europeans in the Diabetes Heart and Health Study (DHAHS) 2002\u20132003, Auckland New Zealand","volume":"15","author":"Sundborn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pac Health Dialog."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"276","article-title":"A chronic alcoholic patient with the development of frank diabetes after heavy drinking and perfect improvement following abstinence from alcohol","volume":"27","author":"Yoshitsugu","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arukoru Kenkyuto Yakubutsu Ison"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.3109\/10826084.2012.665558","article-title":"Access to health care and heavy drinking in patients with diabetes or hypertension: implications for alcohol interventions","volume":"47","author":"Cook","year":"2012","journal-title":"Subst. Use Misuse"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2014.07.007","article-title":"Ethnicity and alcohol consumption among US adults with diabetes","volume":"24","author":"Vaeth","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ALC.0000080342.05229.86","article-title":"Alcohol-related health disparities and treatment-related epidemiological findings among whites, blacks, and Hispanics in the United States","volume":"27","author":"Caetano","year":"2003","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1458","article-title":"Ten-year trends (1992 to 2002) in sociodemographic predictors and indicators of alcohol abuse and dependence among whites, blacks, and Hispanics in the United States","volume":"35","author":"Caetano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2008.00880.x","article-title":"Disparities in alcohol-related problems among white, black, and Hispanic Americans","volume":"33","author":"Mulia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2008.69.824","article-title":"Social disadvantage, stress, and alcohol use among black, Hispanic, and white Americans: Findings from the 2005 U.S. National Alcohol Survey","volume":"69","author":"Mulia","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.024","article-title":"Race\/ethnicity and sex differences in progression from drinking initiation to the development of alcohol dependence","volume":"118","author":"Alvanzo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol. Depend."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1081\/JA-200042281","article-title":"Telescoping of drinking-related behaviors: Gender, racial\/ethnic, and age comparisons","volume":"40","author":"Johnson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Subst. Use Misuse"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2013.01.005","article-title":"Sex and age differences in heavy binge drinking and its effects on alcohol responsivity following abstinence","volume":"104","author":"Melon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2000.tb02005.x","article-title":"Influence of sex hormones on alcohol metabolism","volume":"24","author":"Mezey","year":"2000","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-164X.18.4.334","article-title":"Gender-specific misperceptions of college student drinking norms","volume":"18","author":"Lewis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychol. Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1860483","article-title":"Modulation of alcohol dehydrogenase and ethanol metabolism by sex hormones in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Effect of chronic ethanol administration","volume":"186","author":"Rachamin","year":"1980","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(75)90004-0","article-title":"Variations in alcohol metabolism: influence of sex and age","volume":"3","author":"Collins","year":"1975","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146510383498","article-title":"Social conditions as fundamental causes of health inequalities: Theory, evidence, and policy implications","volume":"51","author":"Phelan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Health Soc. Behav."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105314542821","article-title":"Sociocultural correlates of cigarette smoking among African-American men versus women: Implications for culturally specific cessation interventions","volume":"21","author":"Landrine","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.15.1.38","article-title":"Financial stress, social support, and alcohol involvement: A longitudinal test of the buffering hypothesis in a general population survey","volume":"15","author":"Peirce","year":"1996","journal-title":"Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146515594814","article-title":"Education, Health, and the Default American Lifestyle","volume":"56","author":"Mirowsky","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Health Soc. Behav."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Assari, S., Farokhnia, M., and Mistry, R. (2019). Education Attainment and Alcohol Binge Drinking: Diminished Returns of Hispanics in Los Angeles. Behav. Sci. (Basel), 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/bs9010009"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2016.00067","article-title":"Education and Alcohol Consumption among Older Americans; Black-White Differences","volume":"4","author":"Assari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Assari, S., and Mistry, R. (2018). Educational Attainment and Smoking Status in a National Sample of American Adults; Evidence for the Blacks\u2019 Diminished Return. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15040763"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1089\/heq.2018.0070","article-title":"Diminished Return of Employment on Ever Smoking among Hispanic Whites in Los Angeles","volume":"3","author":"Assari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Equity"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2004.041129","article-title":"Childhood socioeconomic position, educational attainment, and adult cardiovascular risk factors: The Aberdeen children of the 1950s cohort study","volume":"95","author":"Lawlor","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-199809000-00012","article-title":"Is educational attainment associated with shared determinants of health in the elderly? Findings from the MacArthur Studies of Successful Aging","volume":"60","author":"Kubzansky","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-200194070-00018","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic health disparities in South Carolina and the role of rural locality and educational attainment","volume":"94","author":"Levin","year":"2001","journal-title":"South Med. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-016-0266-4","article-title":"Number of Chronic Medical Conditions Fully Mediates the Effects of Race on Mortality; 25-Year Follow-Up of a Nationally Representative Sample of Americans","volume":"4","author":"Assari","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Racial Ethn. Health Disparities"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0000242","article-title":"Understanding associations among race, socioeconomic status, and health: Patterns and prospects","volume":"35","author":"Williams","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2012.02532.x","article-title":"Alcohol consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes in European men and women: Influence of beverage type and body size The EPIC-InterAct study","volume":"272","author":"Beulens","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2008.557","article-title":"Smoking and weight change after new health diagnoses in older adults","volume":"169","author":"Keenan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbr103","article-title":"Health behavior change following chronic illness in middle and later life","volume":"67","author":"Newsom","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2006.01868.x","article-title":"Social consumption of alcohol in adolescents with Type 1 diabetes is associated with increased glucose lability, but not hypoglycaemia","volume":"23","author":"Ismail","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2012.0327","article-title":"Social networking and understanding alcohol-associated risk for people with type 1 diabetes: Friend or foe?","volume":"15","author":"Jones","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.1098","article-title":"A prospective assessment of reports of drinking to self-medicate mood symptoms with the incidence and persistence of alcohol dependence","volume":"70","author":"Crum","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-016-3586-5","article-title":"Primary Care Patients with Drug Use Report Chronic Pain and Self-Medicate with Alcohol and Other Drugs","volume":"31","author":"Alford","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-164X.14.2.151","article-title":"Problem drinking behavior in two community-based samples of adults: Influence of gender, coping, loneliness, and depression","volume":"14","author":"Bonin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychol. Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.12968\/bjon.2005.14.2.17439","article-title":"Dual diagnosis: Co-existence of drug, alcohol and mental health problems","volume":"14","author":"Manley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1053\/j.apnu.2003.10.003","article-title":"Alcohol and other drug disorders, comorbidity, and violence: Comparison of rural African American and Caucasian women","volume":"17","author":"Boyd","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Psychiatry Nurs."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cobb, S., and Assari, S. (2019). Psychiatric Disorders and Alcohol Consumption Among Low-Income African Americans: Gender Differences. Brain Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci9040086"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6026358","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6026358","article-title":"Polypharmacy among Underserved Older African American Adults","volume":"2017","author":"Bazargan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Aging Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bazargan, M., Smith, J., Yazdanshenas, H., Movassaghi, M., Martins, D., and Orum, G. (2017). Non-adherence to medication regimens among older African-American adults. BMC Geriatr., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-017-0558-5"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bazargan, M., Smith, J.L., and King, E.O. (2018). Potentially inappropriate medication use among hypertensive older African-American adults. BMC Geriatr., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-018-0926-9"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckq089","article-title":"Economic difficulties and physical functioning in Finnish and British employees: Contribution of social and behavioural factors","volume":"21","author":"Laaksonen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2011.10.036","article-title":"Economic difficulties and subsequent sleep problems: Evidence from British and Finnish occupational cohorts","volume":"13","author":"Lallukka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conklin, A.I., Forouhi, N.G., Suhrcke, M., Surtees, P., Wareham, N.J., and Monsivais, P. (2013). Socioeconomic status, financial hardship and measured obesity in older adults: A cross-sectional study of the EPIC-Norfolk cohort. BMC Public Health, 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-1039"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1097\/00004479-199801000-00004","article-title":"Validation of claims diagnoses and self-reported conditions compared with medical records for selected chronic diseases","volume":"21","author":"Fowles","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Ambul. Care Manag."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(93)90056-7","article-title":"Reliability and validity of interview data on chronic diseases. The Mini-Finland Health Survey","volume":"46","author":"Heliovaara","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(99)00158-0","article-title":"Validation of self-reported chronic conditions and health services in a managed care population","volume":"18","author":"Martin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"783","article-title":"Relationship of self-rated health to mortality among the community elderly. Nihon koshu eisei zasshi","volume":"38","author":"Haga","year":"1991","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.80.4.446","article-title":"Self-rated health and mortality in the NHANES-I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study","volume":"80","author":"Idler","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.72.8.800","article-title":"Self-rated health: a predictor of mortality among the elderly","volume":"72","author":"Mossey","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M109","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/49.3.M109","article-title":"Self-rated health and mortality in the high-functioning elderly\u2014A closer look at healthy individuals: MacArthur field study of successful aging","volume":"49","author":"Schoenfeld","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X1999000300013","article-title":"Reliability of the Brazilian version of the ++abbreviated form of Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) short form","volume":"57","author":"Almeida","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arq. Neuropsiquiatr."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2004.01.004","article-title":"Development of the Korean version of the Geriatric Depression Scale and its short form among elderly psychiatric patients","volume":"57","author":"Bae","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(87)91074-8","article-title":"The short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire","volume":"30","author":"Melzack","year":"1987","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15171\/ijhpm.2017.90","article-title":"Unequal gain of equal resources across racial groups","volume":"7","author":"Assari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Policy Manag."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Assari, S., and Hani, N. (2018). Household income and children\u2019s unmet dental care need; Blacks\u2019 diminished return. Dent. J., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/dj6020017"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Assari, S. (2018). Blacks\u2019 diminished return of education attainment on subjective health; mediating effect of income. Brain Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci8090176"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1111\/sipr.12042","article-title":"Health disparities due to diminished return among black Americans: Public policy solutions","volume":"12","author":"Assari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soc. Issues Policy Rev."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Assari, S. (2018). Socioeconomic status and self-rated oral health; diminished return among hispanic whites. Dent. J., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/dj6020011"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Assari, S., Caldwell, C., and Zimmerman, M. (2018). Family structure and subsequent anxiety symptoms; Minorities\u2019 Diminished Return. Brain Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci8060097"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Assari, S., Lapeyrouse, L., and Neighbors, H. (2018). Income and self-rated mental health: Diminished returns for high income black Americans. Behav. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/bs8050050"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Assari, S. (2018). Does School Racial Composition Explain Why High Income Black Youth Perceive More Discrimination? A Gender Analysis. Brain Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci8080140"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Assari, S., and Moghani Lankarani, M. (2018). Workplace Racial Composition Explains High Perceived Discrimination of High Socioeconomic Status African American Men. Brain Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci8080139"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Assari, S., Gibbons, F.X., and Simons, R. (2018). Depression among Black Youth; Interaction of Class and Place. Brain Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci8060108"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Assari, S., Gibbons, F.X., and Simons, R.L. (2018). Perceived Discrimination among Black Youth: An 18-Year Longitudinal Study. Behav. Sci. (Basel), 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/bs8050044"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Assari, S., Preiser, B., Lankarani, M.M., and Caldwell, C.H. (2018). Subjective Socioeconomic Status Moderates the Association between Discrimination and Depression in African American Youth. Brain Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci8040071"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Assari, S., Lankarani, M.M., and Caldwell, C.H. (2018). Does Discrimination Explain High Risk of Depression among High-Income African American Men?. Behav. Sci. (Basel), 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/bs8040040"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Assari, S., and Caldwell, C.H. (2018). Social Determinants of Perceived Discrimination among Black Youth: Intersection of Ethnicity and Gender. Children (Basel), 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/children5020024"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-016-0291-3","article-title":"Race by Gender Group Differences in the Protective Effects of Socioeconomic Factors Against Sustained Health Problems Across Five Domains","volume":"4","author":"Assari","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Racial Ethn. Health Disparities"},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"312","article-title":"Sustained Obesity and Depressive Symptoms over 6 Years: Race by Gender Differences in the Health and Retirement Study","volume":"8","author":"Carter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Assari, S. (2017). Neuroticism Predicts Subsequent Risk of Major Depression for Whites but Not Blacks. Behav. Sci. (Basel), 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/bs7040064"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Assari, S. (2018). Depressive Symptoms Increase the Risk of Mortality for White but Not Black Older Adults. Healthcare (Basel), 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare6020036"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2016.00140","article-title":"Chronic Medical Conditions and Negative Affect; Racial Variation in Reciprocal Associations Over Time","volume":"7","author":"Assari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2016.00040","article-title":"Race, Depressive Symptoms, and All-Cause Mortality in the United States","volume":"4","author":"Assari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lankarani, M.M., and Assari, S. (2017). Positive and Negative Affect More Concurrent among Blacks than Whites. Behav. Sci. (Basel), 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/bs7030048"},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"1","article-title":"Socioeconomic Determinants of Systolic Blood Pressure; Minorities\u2019 Diminished Returns","volume":"1","author":"Assari","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Health Econ. Dev."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Assari, S. (2019). Education Attainment and ObesityDifferential Returns Based on Sexual Orientation. Behav. Sci. (Basel), 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/bs9020016"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Assari, S., and Bazargan, M. (2019). Educational Attainment and Subjective Health and Well-Being; Diminished Returns of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Individuals. Behav. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/bs9090090"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2011.72.917","article-title":"Are changes in financial strain associated with changes in alcohol use and smoking among older adults?","volume":"72","author":"Shaw","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Assari, S., Smith, J., Mistry, R., Farokhnia, M., and Bazargan, M. (2019). Substance Use among Economically Disadvantaged African American Older Adults; Objective and Subjective Socioeconomic Status. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16101826"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.12787","article-title":"Suicidality among gambling helpline callers: A consideration of the role of financial stress and conflict","volume":"27","author":"Carr","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Addict."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1177\/1363459307074694","article-title":"Does money buy better health? Unpacking the income to health association after midlife","volume":"11","author":"Berry","year":"2007","journal-title":"Health (Lond.)"},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"(1984). Medical Electronics Buyers Guide 1984, Part 6. CAT scanners, electrical safety & test equipment, financial management, neonatal & pediatric equipment, pulmonary\/respiratory equipment, simulators, stress test systems\/ergometers. Med. Electron., 15, 116\u2013192."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carlsson, A.C., Starrin, B., Gigante, B., Leander, K., Hellenius, M.L., and de Faire, U. (2014). Financial stress in late adulthood and diverse risks of incident cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in women and men. BMC Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-17"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bulcan.2016.02.009","article-title":"Financial stress: A prognostic factor for cancer survival!","volume":"103","author":"Goncalves","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bull. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah, S.J., Krumholz, H.M., Reid, K.J., Rathore, S.S., Mandawat, A., Spertus, J.A., and Ross, J.S. (2012). Financial stress and outcomes after acute myocardial infarction. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0047420"},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"30","article-title":"Impact of financial difficulty on health and aged care choices","volume":"23","author":"Pasco","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aust. Nurs. Midwifery J."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.91.1.68","article-title":"Financial difficulty in acquiring food among elderly disabled women: Results from the Women\u2019s Health and Aging Study","volume":"91","author":"Klesges","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2008.12.001","article-title":"Sex, gender, and pain: A review of recent clinical and experimental findings","volume":"10","author":"Fillingim","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"169","article-title":"Gender differences in pain","volume":"14","author":"Dao","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Orofac. Pain"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.01.010","article-title":"Health disparities, politics, and the maintenance of the status quo: A new theory of inequality","volume":"200","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021932018000378","article-title":"Social stratification and allostatic load: Shapes of health differences in the MIDUS study in the United States","volume":"51","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biosoc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2019.100440","article-title":"The politics hypothesis and racial disparities in infants\u2019 health in the United States","volume":"8","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2019","journal-title":"SSM Popul. Health"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2009.03.005","article-title":"Self-report of alcohol use for pain in a multi-ethnic community sample","volume":"10","author":"Riley","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pain"}],"container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/9\/9\/97\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:18:52Z","timestamp":1760188732000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/9\/9\/97"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,11]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["bs9090097"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bs9090097","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-328X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-328X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,11]]}}}