{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T23:34:09Z","timestamp":1789688049568,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,12]],"date-time":"2019-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neuroimmunology is a relatively young science. This discipline has emerged today from the research field as a mature and fully developed innovative research area that integrates not only pure topics of neuroimmunology, but also expands on wider fields such as neuroplasticity, neuronal reserve and neuromodulation in association with clinical events, amongst which behavioral disorders stand out. The Cuban School of Neuroimmunology\u2014a recent meeting that took place in Havana, Cuba\u2014focused on topics based on the molecular mechanisms of neuroinflammation in neurological disorders involving behavioral manifestations, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), autism, cerebellar ataxias, Alzheimer\u00b4s disease and stroke among others, as well as on the use of new interventional technologies in neurology. Professor Luis Velazquez, from the Cuban Academy of Sciences, dictated an interesting lecture on Spinocerebellar ataxias, a genetic disorder where recent hypotheses related to the influence of neuroinflammation as a neurobiological factor influencing the progression of this disease have emerged. At the same time, the use of new interventional technologies in neurology was discussed, including those referring to novel disease modifying therapies in the course of MS and the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in several neurological diseases, the latter reinforcing how interventional strategies in the form of non-invasive bran stimulation can contribute to physical rehabilitation in neurology. This paper summarizes the highlights of the most relevant topics presented during the First Cuban School of Neuroimmunology, organized by the Cuban Network of Neuroimmunology, held in June 2019.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs9090099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,12]],"date-time":"2019-09-12T10:56:06Z","timestamp":1568285766000},"page":"99","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Neuroinflammation and Neuromodulation in Neurological Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Maria de los Angeles","family":"Robinson-Agramonte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cuban Society of Neuroimmunology, Havana 11300, Cuba"},{"name":"International Center for Neurological Restoration, Ave 25 # 15805 b\/w 158 and 160, Havana 11300, Cuba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos-Alberto","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2429-3309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Farina de Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, OP 3540-00, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1952-4704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alina","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez Quevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Havana 10400, Cuba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Chow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MSL N&amp;I Centro America y el Caribe.Biopharm Medical Affairs, Guatemala"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Vel\u00e1zquez P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for the Research and Rehabilitation of Hereditary Ataxias (CIRAH), Holguin 80100, Cuba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amado","family":"D\u00edaz de la F\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for Neurological Restoration, Ave 25 # 15805 b\/w 158 and 160, Havana 11300, Cuba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Sesterheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cardiology of Rio Grande do Sul, Experimental Center, Porto Alegre 90650-090, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diogo Onofre Gomes","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J\u00e1come, M.C.I., Chac\u00f2n, L.M.M., Cuesta, H.V., Rizo, C.M., Santiesteban, M.W., Hernandez, L.R., Garc\u00eda, E.N., Fraguela, M.E.G., Verdecia, C.I.F., and Hurtado, Y.V. 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