{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T00:08:50Z","timestamp":1773706130729,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]],"date-time":"2023-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia\u2014FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/112809\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/112809\/2015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Buildings"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper addresses the study of renders and plasters\u2019 physical and mechanical characteristics from selected buildings awarded during the 20th century with a renowned architectural prize in Lisbon, Portugal. The characterisation was done to understand mortars\u2019 physical and mechanical properties and their evolution during the 20th century. These characteristics will also help determine compatibility requirements for future conservation and restoration interventions. Since these buildings have a heritage great interest status, the need to preserve them is a paramount issue. Fifty-three samples from nine case studies were studied via capillary water absorption, drying rates, open porosity, dynamic modulus of elasticity, and compressive strength. There were limitations in sample collection due to the buildings being in service and technical constraints regarding sample quantity for testing and separating layers of the multi-layer mortar system. Nevertheless, the results showed different ranges of quantitative values for these tests, whether the mortars were lime, gypsum, cement-based or had lime\u2013cement blended formulations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings13102468","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]],"date-time":"2023-09-28T05:55:54Z","timestamp":1695880554000},"page":"2468","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["20th Century Mortars: Physical and Mechanical Properties from Awarded Buildings in Lisbon (Portugal)\u2014Studies towards Their Conservation and Repair"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7961-144X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Almeida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Geosciences Department and HERCULES Laboratory, University of \u00c9vora, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Materials Department, Nacional Laboratory for Civil Engineering (LNEC), 1700-066 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8002-0682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Santos Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Department, Nacional Laboratory for Civil Engineering (LNEC), 1700-066 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7135-8603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ros\u00e1rio","family":"Veiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Buildings Department, Nacional Laboratory for Civil Engineering (LNEC), 1700-066 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0103-3448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Mir\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geosciences Department and HERCULES Laboratory, University of \u00c9vora, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Silva, A.P. (2004). Pr\u00e9mio Valmor [Valmor Prize], C\u00e2mara Municipal de Lisboa."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Pedreirinho, J.M. (2018). A Critical History of the Valmor Prize. Argumentum, 1\u2013175."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gherardi, F., and Maravelaki, P.N. (2022). Conserving Stone Heritage. Cultural Heritage Science, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-82942-1"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1557\/PROC-712-II2.7","article-title":"Design and evaluation of restoration mortars for historic masonry using traditional materials and production techniques","volume":"712","author":"Moropoulou","year":"2002","journal-title":"MRS Online Proc. Libr."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Ghiassi, B., and Louren\u00e7o, P.B. (2019). Long-Term Performance and Durability of Masonry Structures, Chapter 6. Degradation Mechanisms, Health, Monitoring and Service Life Design, Elsevier Ltd.. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almeida, L., Silva, A.S., Veiga, M.d.R., Mir\u00e3o, J., and Vieira, M. (2021). 20th-Century Award-Winning Buildings in Lisbon (Portugal). Study of Plasters, Rendering, and Concrete Materials Aiming Their Sustainable Preservation. Buildings, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings11080359"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-006-9209-6","article-title":"Evaluation of mechanical compatibility of renders to apply on old walls based on a restrained shrinkage test","volume":"40","author":"Veiga","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.12.214","article-title":"Studies in ancient gypsum based plasters towards their repair: Physical and mechanical properties","volume":"202","author":"Freire","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"(2005). Workshop \u201cRepair Mortars for Historic Masonry\u201d, TC RMH."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"V\u00e1lek, J., Groot, C., and Hughes, J.J. (2013). RILEM Bookseries, Springer."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1080\/15583050902914678","article-title":"Lime-based mortars: Viability for use as substitution renders in historical buildings","volume":"4","author":"Veiga","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Archit. Herit."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-022-02052-1","article-title":"RILEM TC 277-LHS report: Lime-based mortars for restoration\u2013a review on long-term durability aspects and experience from practice","volume":"55","author":"Groot","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2018.03.005","article-title":"Design and behavior of traditional lime-based plasters and renders. Review and critical appraisal of strengths and weaknesses","volume":"89","author":"Nogueira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Zacharopoulou, G. (1998). Compatible Materials Recommendations for the Preservation of European Cultural Heritage, Technical Chamber of Greece."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8846(00)00499-3","article-title":"Nineteenth century hydraulic restoration mortars in the Saint Michael\u2019s Church (Leuven, Belgium) Natural hydraulic lime or cement?","volume":"31","author":"Callebaut","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almeida, L., Silva, A.S., Veiga, R., and Mir\u00e3o, J. (2023). Composition of renders and plasters of award-winning buildings in Lisbon (Portugal): A contribution to the knowledge of binders used in the 20th Century. Int. J. Archit. Herit.","DOI":"10.1080\/15583058.2023.2242820"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Martens, D., and Vermeltfoort, A. (2004, January 4\u20137). Capillarity tests on historic mortar samples extracted from site. Methodology and compared results. Proceedings of the 13th International Masonry Conference, Amsterdam, The Netherlands."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"61","article-title":"Physical and mechanical characterisation of ancient mortars. Application to the evaluation of the state of conservation","volume":"59","author":"Veiga","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mater. Construcci\u00f3n"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"365","article-title":"sCharacterisation of mechanical properties of historic mortars\u2014Testing of irregular samples","volume":"20","author":"Veiga","year":"2005","journal-title":"Adv. Archit. Ser."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2009). Conservation of Cultural Property. Test Methods. Determination of Water Absorption by Capillarity (Standard No. CEN-EN 15801:2009)."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2013). Conservation of Cultural Heritage\u2014Test, Methods\u2014Determination of Drying Properties (Standard No. CEN-EN 16322:2013)."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.103","article-title":"Characterisation of old azulejos setting mortars: A contribution to the conservation of this type of coatings","volume":"171","author":"Damas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2006). Natural Stone Test Methods\u2014Determination of Real Density and Apparent Density, and of Total and Open Porosity (Standard No. CEN-EN 1936:2006)."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2007). Testing Concrete in Structures\u2014Part 4: Determination of Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (Standard No. CEN-EN 12504-4:2007)."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(1999). Methods of Test for Mortar for Masonry. Part 11: Determination of Flexural and Compressive Strength (Standard No. CEN-EN 1015-11:1999)."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2007.02.023","article-title":"Pore structure and mechanical properties of cement-lime mortars","volume":"37","author":"Arandigoyen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8846(03)00210-2","article-title":"Masonry repair lime-based mortars: Factors affecting the mechanical behavior","volume":"33","author":"Lanas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2020.103628","article-title":"Microstructure as a critical factor of cement mortars\u2019 behaviour: The effect of aggregates\u2019 properties","volume":"111","author":"Santos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.07.223","article-title":"Evolution of the microstructure of lime based mortars and influence on the mechanical behaviour: The role of the aggregates","volume":"187","author":"Santos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Laborat\u00f3rio Nacional de Engenharia Civil (1952). Execu\u00e7\u00e3o de Marmorites [Marmorite Execution], LNEC. Especifica\u00e7\u00f5es E 5-1952."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2004.10.041","article-title":"Addition of cement to lime-based mortars: Effect on pore structure and vapor transport","volume":"36","author":"Mosquera","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loke, C.K., Lehane, B., Aslani, F., Majhi, S., and Mukherjee, A. (2022). Non-Destructive evaluation of mortar with ground granulated blast furnace slag blended cement using ultrasonic pulse velocity. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15196957"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04014068","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000956","article-title":"Assessment of compressive behavior of concrete masonry prisms partially filled by general mortar","volume":"26","author":"Haach","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.116884","article-title":"Quantification of impact of lime on mechanical behaviour of lime cement blended mortars for bedding joints in masonry systems","volume":"229","author":"Ramesh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1080\/15583058.2018.1545059","article-title":"An Investigation of the Application and Material Characteristics of Early 20th-Century Portland Cement-Based Structures from the Historical Campus of the Budapest University of Technology and Economics","volume":"14","author":"Vidovszky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Archit. Herit."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2011.12.003","article-title":"Some considerations about the use of lime\u2013cement mortars for building conservation purposes in Portugal: A reprehensible option or a lesser evil?","volume":"30","author":"Faria","year":"2012","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."}],"container-title":["Buildings"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-5309\/13\/10\/2468\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:00:39Z","timestamp":1760130039000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-5309\/13\/10\/2468"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["buildings13102468"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/buildings13102468","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-5309"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-5309","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]]}}}