{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T03:02:57Z","timestamp":1780542177450,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":199,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,2]],"date-time":"2017-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1496361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["C"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To ensure the availability of clean water for humans into the future, efficient and cost-effective water purification technology will be required. The rapidly decreasing quality of water and the growing global demand for this scarce resource has driven the pursuit of high-performance purification materials, particularly for application as point-of-use devices. This review will introduce the main types of natural and artificial contaminants that are present in water and the challenges associated with their effective removal. The efficiency and performance of recently developed materials for water purification, with a focus on activated carbon, carbon nanotubes and graphene will be discussed. The recent advances in water purification using these materials is reviewed and their applicability as point-of-use water purification systems discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/c3020018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,2]],"date-time":"2017-06-02T10:20:44Z","timestamp":1496398844000},"page":"18","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":170,"title":["Activated Carbon, Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene: Materials and Composites for Advanced Water Purification"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9074-2125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Sweetman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Sanson Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"May","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Puratap Pty. Ltd., Stepney, SA 5069, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nick","family":"Mebberson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Puratap Pty. Ltd., Stepney, SA 5069, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phillip","family":"Pendleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krasimir","family":"Vasilev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sally","family":"Plush","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"},{"name":"Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Hayball","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Sanson Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"},{"name":"Robinson Research Institute, Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbt.2014.01.001","article-title":"Emerging pollutants in the environment: Present and future challenges in biomonitoring, ecological risks and bioremediation","volume":"32","author":"Gavrilescu","year":"2015","journal-title":"New Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2014.05.025","article-title":"Emerging contaminants of public health significance as water quality indicator compounds in the urban water cycle","volume":"71","author":"Pal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mostofa, K.M.G., Liu, C.-Q., Mottaleb, M.A., Wan, G., Ogawa, H., Vione, D., Yoshioka, T., and Wu, F. (2013). Dissolved Organic Matter in Natural Waters, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-32223-5_1"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3703","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph7103657","article-title":"Water microbiology. Bacterial pathogens and water","volume":"7","author":"Cabral","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1127291","article-title":"The challenge of micropollutants in aquatic systems","volume":"313","author":"Schwarzenbach","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2010.09.005","article-title":"Tracking natural organic matter (NOM) in a drinking water treatment plant using fluorescence excitation\u2013emission matrices and parafac","volume":"45","author":"Baghoth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-9936(03)01003-3","article-title":"Disinfection by-products and other emerging contaminants in drinking water","volume":"22","author":"Richardson","year":"2003","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.09.020","article-title":"Impacts of backwashing on granular activated carbon filters for advanced wastewater treatment","volume":"87","author":"Frank","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2013.02.028","article-title":"Fractionation and removal of dissolved organic carbon in a full-scale granular activated carbon filter used for drinking water production","volume":"47","author":"Gibert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2003.09.022","article-title":"Adsorption of organic molecules from aqueous solutions on carbon materials","volume":"42","year":"2004","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2015.04.043","article-title":"Carbon-based nanomaterials for removal of chemical and biological contaminants from water: A review of mechanisms and applications","volume":"91","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2012.12.038","article-title":"An overview of the modification methods of activated carbon for its water treatment applications","volume":"219","author":"Bhatnagar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8767","DOI":"10.1039\/c2jm00055e","article-title":"Green synthesis of carbon nanotube-graphene hybrid aerogels and their use as versatile agents for water purification","volume":"22","author":"Sui","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3693","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201202601","article-title":"Ultrathin graphene nanofiltration membrane for water purification","volume":"23","author":"Han","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2013.07.021","article-title":"Silver nanoparticles attached to porous carbon substrates: Robust materials for chemical-free water disinfection","volume":"109","author":"Karumuri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4295","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(03)00317-8","article-title":"Characterization of DOM as a function of MW by fluorescence EEM and HPLC-SEC using UVA, DOC, and fluorescence detection","volume":"37","author":"Her","year":"2003","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1134\/S009780780702011X","article-title":"Allochthonous and autochthonous organic matter in surface waters in Karelia","volume":"34","author":"Lozovik","year":"2007","journal-title":"Water Resour."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2005.50.5.1415","article-title":"Tracing the production and degradation of autochthonous fractions of dissolved organic matter by fluorescence analysis","volume":"50","author":"Stedmon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.03.214","article-title":"Microbial pathogens in source and treated waters from drinking water treatment plants in the united states and implications for human health","volume":"562","author":"King","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5b04493","article-title":"Water analysis: Emerging contaminants and current issues","volume":"88","author":"Richardson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2014.11.025","article-title":"Monitoring of 1300 organic micro-pollutants in surface waters from Tianjin, north China","volume":"122","author":"Kong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18185","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1305372110","article-title":"Long-term fate of nitrate fertilizer in agricultural soils","volume":"110","author":"Sebilo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.08.061","article-title":"Mitigation options to reduce phosphorus losses from the agricultural sector and improve surface water quality: A review","volume":"468","author":"Schoumans","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2012.05.035","article-title":"Simultaneous determination of human pharmaceuticals in water samples by solid phase extraction and HPLC with UV-fluorescence detection","volume":"107","author":"Patrolecco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1021\/es403883p","article-title":"Balancing water sustainability and public health goals in the face of growing concerns about antibiotic resistance","volume":"48","author":"Pruden","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.10.063","article-title":"Chlorination byproducts, their toxicodynamics and removal from drinking water","volume":"140","author":"Gopal","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barcel\u00f3, D. (2012). Drinking water disinfection by-products. Emerging Organic Contaminants and Human Health, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-28132-7"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2015.12.001","article-title":"Humic acids: Structural properties and multiple functionalities for novel technological developments","volume":"62","author":"Motta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2005.05.032","article-title":"Seasonal variations in natural organic matter and its impact on coagulation in water treatment","volume":"363","author":"Sharp","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2005.05.050","article-title":"Adsorption of dissolved organic matter onto activated carbon\u2014Te influence of temperature, absorption wavelength, and molecular size","volume":"39","author":"Schreiber","year":"2005","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2013.11.027","article-title":"Molecular analysis of point-of-use municipal drinking water microbiology","volume":"49","author":"Holinger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2013.06.020","article-title":"Nanofibrous microfiltration membranes capable of removing bacteria, viruses and heavy metal ions","volume":"446","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2013.01.008","article-title":"Plasma treated activated carbon impregnated with silver nanoparticles for improved antibacterial effect in water disinfection","volume":"57","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"National Health and Medical Research Concil (2011). NRMMC (2011) Australian Drinking Water Guidelines Paper 6, Commonwealth of Australia. Volume 2016 Update."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"783","article-title":"Optimization of total trihalomethanes\u2019 (TTHMS) and their precursors\u2019 removal by granulated activated carbon (GAC) and sand dual media by response surface methodology (RSM)","volume":"16","author":"Rasheed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol: Water Supply"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2010.11.011","article-title":"Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewaters: A review","volume":"92","author":"Fu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03326187","article-title":"Heavy metal contamination and its indexing approach for river water","volume":"7","author":"Reza","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2004.02.001","article-title":"Removal of synthetic dyes from wastewaters: A review","volume":"30","author":"Forgacs","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.05.130","article-title":"Adsorptive removal of antibiotics from water and wastewater: Progress and challenges","volume":"532","author":"Ahmed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2013.07.059","article-title":"Pharmaceuticals as emerging contaminants and their removal from water. A review","volume":"93","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2009.05.105","article-title":"Comparison between nitrate and pesticide removal from ground water using adsorbents and NF and RO membranes","volume":"170","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0011-9164(04)90000-8","article-title":"Influences of molecular weight, molecular size, flux, and recovery for aromatic pesticide removal by nanofiltration membranes","volume":"160","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2010.05.029","article-title":"Comparison of natural organic matter adsorption capacities of super-powdered activated carbon and powdered activated carbon","volume":"44","author":"Ando","year":"2010","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.02.051","article-title":"Agricultural bio-waste materials as potential sustainable precursors used for activated carbon production: A review","volume":"46","author":"Yahya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1551-8833.1987.tb02961.x","article-title":"Granular activated carbon filter-adsorber systems","volume":"79","author":"Graese","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Am.Water Works Assoc."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S1387-1811(02)00611-X","article-title":"New nanoporous carbon materials with high adsorption capacity and rapid adsorption kinetics for removing humic acids","volume":"58","author":"Han","year":"2003","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2015.12.042","article-title":"NaOH-activated carbon of high surface area produced from guava seeds as a high-efficiency adsorbent for amoxicillin removal: Kinetic, isotherm and thermodynamic studies","volume":"288","author":"Pezoti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9351","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ta10876g","article-title":"Functionalization of porous carbons for catalytic applications","volume":"1","author":"Figueiredo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2004.09.067","article-title":"Adsorption of phenolic compounds by activated carbon\u2014A critical review","volume":"58","author":"Hubicki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2005.01.031","article-title":"Adsorption of dissolved natural organic matter by modified activated carbons","volume":"39","author":"Cheng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(00)00257-8","article-title":"Pore distribution effect of activated carbon in adsorbing organic micropollutants from natural water","volume":"35","author":"Ebie","year":"2001","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2006.05.027","article-title":"Assessment of organic chlorinated compound removal from aqueous matrices by adsorption on activated carbon","volume":"40","author":"Pavoni","year":"2006","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cherd.2012.07.007","article-title":"Comparative study of methylene blue dye adsorption onto activated carbon, graphene oxide, and carbon nanotubes","volume":"91","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Res. Des."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6223(02)00069-6","article-title":"Effects of activated carbon surface chemistry and pore structure on the adsorption of organic contaminants from aqueous solution","volume":"40","author":"Li","year":"2002","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2015.04.050","article-title":"Adsorption of Cr(VI) on bamboo bark-based activated carbon in the absence and presence of humic acid","volume":"481","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2014.01.037","article-title":"Adsorption characteristics of selected hydrophilic and hydrophobic micropollutants in water using activated carbon","volume":"270","author":"Nam","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/0927-7757(93)80311-2","article-title":"Granular activated carbon: Importance of surface properties in the adsorption of naturally occurring organics","volume":"78","author":"Newcombe","year":"1993","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.04.040","article-title":"Aqueous phase adsorption of different sized molecules on activated carbon fibers: Effect of textural properties","volume":"155","author":"Prajapati","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(98)00329-7","article-title":"Competitive adsorption in natural water: Role of activated carbon pore size","volume":"33","author":"Pelekani","year":"1999","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2012.02.021","article-title":"Towards advanced aqueous dye removal processes: A short review on the versatile role of activated carbon","volume":"102","author":"Mezohegyi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2013.01.061","article-title":"Spectroscopic investigations of sequential nitric acid treatments on granulated activated carbon: Effects of surface oxygen groups on \u03c0 density","volume":"57","author":"Collins","year":"2013","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2012.11.059","article-title":"The effects of the surface oxidation of activated carbon, the solution pH and the temperature on adsorption of ibuprofen","volume":"54","author":"Guedidi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2006.06.009","article-title":"Review of modifications of activated carbon for enhancing contaminant uptakes from aqueous solutions","volume":"52","author":"Yin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2015.09.097","article-title":"Surface modification of activated carbon for enhanced adsorption of perfluoroalkyl acids from aqueous solutions","volume":"144","author":"Zhi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9372(2000)126:9(869)","article-title":"As(III), As(V), Hg, and Pb removal by Fe-oxide impregnated activated carbon","volume":"126","author":"Reed","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-015-2520-5","article-title":"Adsorption of Se (IV) and Se (VI) using copper-impregnated activated carbon and fly ash-extracted char carbon","volume":"226","author":"Jegadeesan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2014.01.005","article-title":"Fast deposition of porous iron oxide on activated carbon by microwave heating and arsenic (V) removal from water","volume":"242","author":"Sezen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.10.125","article-title":"Comparing a silver-impregnated activated carbon with an unmodified activated carbon for disinfection by-product minimisation and precursor removal","volume":"542","author":"Watson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.03.041","article-title":"Activated carbon from pyrolysed sugarcane bagasse: Silver nanoparticle modification and ecotoxicity assessment","volume":"565","author":"Strauss","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2016.04.048","article-title":"Water disinfection using silver nanoparticle impregnated activated carbon: Escherichia coli cell-killing in batch and continuous packed column operation over a long duration","volume":"100","author":"Biswas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1002\/jctb.4028","article-title":"A review: Production of activated carbon from agricultural byproducts via conventional and microwave heating","volume":"88","author":"Alslaibi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2015.02.026","article-title":"Microwave-assisted activated carbon from cocoa shell as adsorbent for removal of sodium diclofenac and nimesulide from aqueous effluents","volume":"289","author":"Saucier","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cep.2015.03.019","article-title":"Adsorption of naphthalene from aqueous solution on coal-based activated carbon modified by microwave induction: Microwave power effects","volume":"91","author":"Ge","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Process. Process Intensif."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2015.10.047","article-title":"Removal of Pb(II) from water by the activated carbon modified by nitric acid under microwave heating","volume":"463","author":"Yao","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7232","DOI":"10.1080\/19443994.2015.1021847","article-title":"Effect of acid modification on adsorption of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) from aqueous solution by activated carbon and carbon nanotubes","volume":"57","author":"Ihsanullah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Desalin. Water Treat."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25279","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA15216F","article-title":"Aerobic granular sludge-derived activated carbon: Mineral acid modification and superior dye adsorption capacity","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2015.01.033","article-title":"Adsorptive removal of cadmium(II) ions from liquid phase using acid modified carbon-based adsorbents","volume":"204","author":"Ihsanullah","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Limousy, L., Ghouma, I., Ouederni, A., and Jeguirim, M. (2016). Amoxicillin removal from aqueous solution using activated carbon prepared by chemical activation of olive stone. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 1\u201312.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-016-7404-8"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21091","DOI":"10.1080\/19443994.2015.1119737","article-title":"Microwave-induced H2SO4 activation of activated carbon derived from rice agricultural wastes for sorption of methylene blue from aqueous solution","volume":"57","author":"Mashhadi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Desalin. Water Treat."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1080\/00032719.2015.1086776","article-title":"Characterization of the adsorption of disperse yellow 211 on activated carbon from cherry stones following microwave-assisted phosphoric acid treatment","volume":"49","author":"Erdogan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Lett."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thue, P.S., dos Reis, G.S., Lima, E.C., Sieliechi, J.M., Dotto, G.L., Wamba, A.G.N., Dias, S.L.P., and Pavan, F.A. (2016). Activated carbon obtained from sapelli wood sawdust by microwave heating for o-cresol adsorption. Res. Chem. Intermed., 1\u201325.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11164-016-2683-8"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2016.05.003","article-title":"Microwave-assisted modification of activated carbon with ammonia for efficient pyrene adsorption","volume":"39","author":"Ge","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ind. Eng. Chem."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2014.09.017","article-title":"Removal of tetracycline by NaOH-activated carbon produced from macadamia nut shells: Kinetic and equilibrium studies","volume":"260","author":"Martins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19696","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA14495C","article-title":"Sustainable activated carbons prepared from a sucrose-derived hydrochar: Remarkable adsorbents for pharmaceutical compounds","volume":"5","author":"Mestre","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2016.02.062","article-title":"Surface amination of activated carbon and petroleum coke for the removal of naphthenic acids and treatment of oil sands process-affected water (OSPW)","volume":"293","author":"Niasar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2014.03.115","article-title":"Preparation of activated carbons from rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) peel by microwave-induced KOH activation for acid yellow 17 dye adsorption","volume":"250","author":"Njoku","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2016.06.019","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of metallic nanoparticles impregnated onto activated carbon using leaf extract of mukia maderasapatna: Evaluation of antimicrobial activities","volume":"97","author":"Saravanan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbial Pathogenesis"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2015.08.044","article-title":"Sorption of phenol from waters on activated carbon impregnated with iron oxide, aluminum oxide and titanium oxide","volume":"213","author":"Abussaud","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orha, C., Pode, R., Manea, F., Lazau, C., and Bandas, C. (2016). Titanium dioxide-modified activated carbon for advanced drinking water treatment. Process Saf. Environ. Protect.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2016.07.013"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2016.09.047","article-title":"Adsorption of low concentration ceftazidime from aqueous solutions using impregnated activated carbon promoted by iron, copper and aluminum","volume":"392","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2016.03.022","article-title":"Removal of methyl orange by copper sulfide nanoparticles loaded activated carbon: Kinetic and isotherm investigation","volume":"219","author":"Mokhtari","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1080\/19443994.2013.826327","article-title":"Pilot study on the removal of TOC, THMS, and HAAS in drinking water using ozone\/UV\u2013BAC","volume":"52","author":"Trang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Desalin. Water Treat."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2014.06.004","article-title":"Analysis and removal of assimilable organic carbon (AOC) from treated drinking water using a biological activated carbon filter system","volume":"2","author":"Lou","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6864","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01692-15","article-title":"The bacterial communities of full-scale biologically active, granular activated carbon filters are stable and diverse and potentially contain novel ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms","volume":"81","author":"LaPara","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00c7e\u00e7en, F., and Akta\u015f, \u00d6. (2011). Activated Carbon for Water and Wastewater Treatment: Integration of Adsorption and Biological Treatment, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527639441"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2011.11.070","article-title":"Ozone\u2013biological activated carbon integrated treatment for removal of precursors of halogenated nitrogenous disinfection by-products","volume":"86","author":"Chu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4650","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-015-5561-9","article-title":"Ammonium removal of drinking water at low temperature by activated carbon filter biologically enhanced with heterotrophic nitrifying bacteria","volume":"23","author":"Qin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-013-1851-3","article-title":"Removal of trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids from treated drinking water by biological activated carbon filter","volume":"225","author":"Lou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lou, J.-C., Chan, H.-Y., Han, J.-Y., and Yang, C.-Y. (2016). High removal of haloacetic acids from treated drinking water using bio-activated carbon method. Desalin. Water Treat., 1\u201312.","DOI":"10.1080\/19443994.2016.1154896"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2016.05.036","article-title":"Performance and mechanism of low-frequency ultrasound to regenerate the biological activated carbon","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2016.02.032","article-title":"Cyclodextrin as a complexation agent in the removal of chlordecone from water","volume":"293","author":"Rana","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3960","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.6b00790","article-title":"Removal of heavy metal ions from water by magnetic cellulose-based beads with embedded chemically modified magnetite nanoparticles and activated carbon","volume":"4","author":"Luo","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201402215","article-title":"Self-propelled activated carbon janus micromotors for efficient water purification","volume":"11","author":"Sattayasamitsathit","year":"2015","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17250","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0710437105","article-title":"Ion exclusion by sub-2-nm carbon nanotube pores","volume":"105","author":"Fornasiero","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10175","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1633354100","article-title":"Osmotic water transport through carbon nanotube membranes","volume":"100","author":"Kalra","year":"2003","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2013.12.026","article-title":"Carbon nanotube membranes for water purification: A bright future in water desalination","volume":"336","author":"Das","year":"2014","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"20150020","article-title":"A computational assessment of the permeability and salt rejection of carbon nanotube membranes and their application to water desalination","volume":"374","author":"Thomas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2010.08.045","article-title":"Carbon nanotubes as adsorbents in environmental pollution management: A review","volume":"170","author":"Ren","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2014.09.032","article-title":"Multifunctional carbon nanotubes in water treatment: The present, past and future","volume":"354","author":"Das","year":"2014","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5871","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201600740","article-title":"Ultrabreathable and protective membranes with sub-5 nm carbon nanotube pores","volume":"28","author":"Bui","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2015.10.006","article-title":"Magnetic graphene\u2013carbon nanotube iron nanocomposites as adsorbents and antibacterial agents for water purification","volume":"225","author":"Sharma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2010.06.006","article-title":"Removal of disinfection byproducts from water by carbonized electrospun nanofibrous membranes","volume":"74","author":"Singh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2016.01.038","article-title":"Multi-walled carbon nanotubes with selected properties for dynamic filtration of pharmaceuticals and personal care products","volume":"92","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1080\/10934529.2011.606688","article-title":"Removal of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from raw water by single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs)","volume":"46","author":"Lou","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health. Part A"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2322","DOI":"10.1021\/es803268b","article-title":"Mechanisms for strong adsorption of tetracycline to carbon nanotubes: A comparative study using activated carbon and graphite as adsorbents","volume":"43","author":"Ji","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2015.12.057","article-title":"Sorption of diclofenac and naproxen onto MWCNT in model wastewater treated by H2O2 and\/or UV","volume":"149","author":"Czech","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2014.07.127","article-title":"Preparation, characterization, and kinetic study of end opened carbon nanotubes incorporated polyacrylonitrile electrospun nanofibers for the adsorption of pyrene from aqueous solution","volume":"259","author":"Jadhav","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.02.006","article-title":"Impregnated multiwalled carbon nanotubes as efficient sorbent for the solid phase extraction of trace amounts of heavy metal ions in food and water samples","volume":"202","author":"Gouda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2015.03.081","article-title":"Preparation of amine functionalized carbon nanotubes via a bioinspired strategy and their application in Cu2+ removal","volume":"343","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2015.12.025","article-title":"Rapid adsorption of toxic Pb(II) ions from aqueous solution using multiwall carbon nanotubes synthesized by microwave chemical vapor deposition technique","volume":"45","author":"Mubarak","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1080\/10643389.2015.1061874","article-title":"Study on the removal of heavy metal ions from industry waste by carbon nanotubes: Effect of the surface modification: A review","volume":"46","author":"Gupta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Critical Reviews in Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2015.11.039","article-title":"Heavy metal removal from aqueous solution by advanced carbon nanotubes: Critical review of adsorption applications","volume":"157","author":"Ihsanullah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55162","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA10047F","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization and application of amino-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes for effective fast removal of methyl orange from aqueous solution","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.2166\/ws.2013.018","article-title":"Adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics of hydrophobic natural organic matter (NOM) removal from aqueous solution by multi-wall carbon nanotubes","volume":"13","author":"Naghizadeh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol. Water Supply"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2013.01.026","article-title":"Adsorption of natural organic matter analogues by multi-walled carbon nanotubes: Comparison with powdered activated carbon","volume":"219","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2008.02.012","article-title":"Chemical oxidation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes","volume":"46","author":"Datsyuk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1021\/ja044537e","article-title":"Controlled oxidative cutting of single-walled carbon nanotubes","volume":"127","author":"Ziegler","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2005.11.010","article-title":"Measurement of functionalised carbon nanotube carboxylic acid groups using a simple chemical process","volume":"44","author":"Marshall","year":"2006","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7044","DOI":"10.1039\/C4TA06948J","article-title":"Effective adsorption of chromium(VI)\/Cr(III) from aqueous solution using ionic liquid functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes as a super sorbent","volume":"3","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2008.09.072","article-title":"Removal of cationic dyes from aqueous solution using magnetic multi-wall carbon nanotube nanocomposite as adsorbent","volume":"164","author":"Gong","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5326","DOI":"10.1038\/srep05326","article-title":"Adsorption of tetracycline from aqueous solutions onto multi-walled carbon nanotubes with different oxygen contents","volume":"4","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2015.12.012","article-title":"Application of a multiwalled carbon nanotube-chitosan composite as an electrode in the electrosorption process for water purification","volume":"146","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2015.06.014","article-title":"Effects of a dual nanofiller, nano-TiO2 and MWCNT, for polysulfone-based nanocomposite membranes for water purification","volume":"372","author":"Esfahani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3621","DOI":"10.1021\/es104047d","article-title":"Mutual effects of Pb(II) and humic acid adsorption on multiwalled carbon nanotubes\/polyacrylamide composites from aqueous solutions","volume":"45","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2016.02.032","article-title":"High flux and high selectivity carbon nanotube composite membranes for natural organic matter removal","volume":"163","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2015.02.026","article-title":"Silica decorated cnts sponge for selective removal of toxic contaminants and oil spills from water","volume":"3","author":"Siddiqa","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5696","DOI":"10.1039\/C5NR08697C","article-title":"A reduced graphene oxide nanofiltration membrane intercalated by well-dispersed carbon nanotubes for drinking water purification","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3687","DOI":"10.1021\/es505430v","article-title":"Hydroxyl radical formation during ozonation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes: Performance optimization and demonstration of a reactive CNT filter","volume":"49","author":"Oulton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2016.03.099","article-title":"Synthesis of magnetic oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotube-\u03ba-carrageenan-Fe3O4 nanocomposite adsorbent and its application in cationic methylene blue dye adsorption","volume":"147","author":"Duman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55774","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA07477K","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of chitosan\/silver nanoparticle\/copper nanoparticle\/carbon nanotube multifunctional nano-composite for water treatment: Heavy metals removal; kinetics, isotherms and competitive studies","volume":"5","author":"Alsabagh","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coche.2014.01.006","article-title":"Water permeation in carbon nanotube membranes","volume":"4","author":"Mattia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2015.12.009","article-title":"The most densified vertically-aligned carbon nanotube membranes and their normalized water permeability and high pressure durability","volume":"501","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, B., Baek, Y., Lee, M., Jeong, D.H., Lee, H.H., Yoon, J., and Kim, Y.H. (2015). A carbon nanotube wall membrane for water treatment. Nat. Commun., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8109"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-016-2783-3","article-title":"Effect of vertically aligned carbon nanotube density on the water flux and salt rejection in desalination membranes","volume":"5","author":"Trivedi","year":"2016","journal-title":"SpringerPlus"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40201-015-0207-x","article-title":"Ultrafiltration of natural organic matter from water by vertically aligned carbon nanotube membrane","volume":"13","author":"Jafari","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Environ. Health Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_146","first-page":"41","article-title":"Electrochemical carbon nanotube filters for water and wastewater treatment","volume":"5","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanotechnol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3621","DOI":"10.1021\/jp111844j","article-title":"Electrochemical carbon nanotube filter for adsorption, desorption, and oxidation of aqueous dyes and anions","volume":"115","author":"Vecitis","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7974","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b00870","article-title":"Degradation of the common aqueous antibiotic tetracycline using a carbon nanotube electrochemical filter","volume":"49","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1021\/es203607d","article-title":"Electrochemical carbon-nanotube filter performance toward virus removal and inactivation in the presence of natural organic matter","volume":"46","author":"Rahaman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.200700863","article-title":"A single-walled-carbon-nanotube filter for removal of viral and bacterial pathogens","volume":"4","author":"Kang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2014.02.042","article-title":"High performance and antifouling vertically aligned carbon nanotube membrane for water purification","volume":"460","author":"Baek","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13036-015-0018-8","article-title":"Dual functional nisin-multi-walled carbon nanotubes coated filters for bacterial capture and inactivation","volume":"9","author":"Dong","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2016.07.005","article-title":"Carbon nanotube sponges as a solid-phase extraction adsorbent for the enrichment and determination of polychlorinated biphenyls at trace levels in environmental water samples","volume":"160","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1039\/C5TA08627B","article-title":"Efficient adsorption of organic dyes on a flexible single-wall carbon nanotube film","volume":"4","author":"Luan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-016-3029-2","article-title":"Equilibrium and kinetic studies of trihalomethanes adsorption onto multi-walled carbon nanotubes","volume":"227","author":"Dehghani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2016.301","article-title":"Removal of tetracycline antibiotic from contaminated water media by multi-walled carbon nanotubes: Operational variables, kinetics, and equilibrium studies","volume":"74","author":"Babaei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2015.04.089","article-title":"Adsorption of emerging pollutants on functionalized multiwall carbon nanotubes","volume":"136","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2016.06.061","article-title":"Kevlar based nanofibrous particles as robust, effective and recyclable absorbents for water purification","volume":"318","author":"Nie","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2016.05.056","article-title":"Photocatalytic activity of porous multiwalled carbon nanotube-TiO2 composite layers for pollutant degradation","volume":"317","author":"Zouzelka","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2016.06.028","article-title":"Feasible water flow filter with facilely functionalized Fe3O4-non-oxidative graphene\/CNT composites for arsenic removal","volume":"4","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.03.078","article-title":"Electrochemical efficacy of a carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotube filter for the removal of ibuprofen from aqueous solutions under acidic conditions","volume":"153","author":"Bakr","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2014.08.082","article-title":"Improved poly(vinyl butyral) hollow fiber membranes by embedding multi-walled carbon nanotube for the ultrafiltrations of bovine serum albumin and humic acid","volume":"260","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11431","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b01253","article-title":"Synthesis, optimization, and performance demonstration of electrospun carbon nanofiber\u2013carbon nanotube composite sorbents for point-of-use water treatment","volume":"8","author":"Peter","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat1849","article-title":"The rise of graphene","volume":"6","author":"Geim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1021\/nl9028736","article-title":"High mobility, printable, and solution-processed graphene electronics","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2745","DOI":"10.1021\/nl204414u","article-title":"High efficiency graphene solar cells by chemical doping","volume":"12","author":"Miao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1039\/B917103G","article-title":"The chemistry of graphene oxide","volume":"39","author":"Dreyer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3602","DOI":"10.1021\/nl3012853","article-title":"Water desalination across nanoporous graphene","volume":"12","author":"Grossman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4344","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201501454","article-title":"Silver\/reduced graphene oxide hydrogel as novel bactericidal filter for point-of-use water disinfection","volume":"25","author":"Zeng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1002\/jctb.4220","article-title":"Graphene oxide and its application as an adsorbent for wastewater treatment","volume":"89","author":"Kyzas","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1021\/am200300u","article-title":"Engineered graphite oxide materials for application in water purification","volume":"3","author":"Gao","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3715","DOI":"10.1021\/es400571g","article-title":"Enabling graphene oxide nanosheets as water separation membranes","volume":"47","author":"Hu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1211694","article-title":"Unimpeded permeation of water through helium-leak\u2013tight graphene-based membranes","volume":"335","author":"Nair","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2016.03.001","article-title":"Membranes with selective laminar nanochannels of modified reduced graphene oxide for water purification","volume":"103","author":"Liang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2015.06.005","article-title":"Ultrathin graphene oxide nanosheet membranes with various d-spacing assembled using the pressure-assisted filtration method for removing natural organic matter","volume":"371","author":"Xia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carmalin Sophia, A., Lima, E.C., Allaudeen, N., and Rajan, S. (2016). Application of graphene based materials for adsorption of pharmaceutical traces from water and wastewater- a review. Desalin. Water Treat., 1\u201314.","DOI":"10.1080\/19443994.2016.1172989"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4317","DOI":"10.1021\/nn101097v","article-title":"Graphene-based antibacterial paper","volume":"4","author":"Hu","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6690","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5b00053","article-title":"Influence of the surface structure of graphene oxide on the adsorption of aromatic organic compounds from water","volume":"7","author":"Yan","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.5b00080","article-title":"Simultaneous dehalogenation and removal of persistent halocarbon pesticides from water using graphene nanocomposites: A case study of lindane","volume":"3","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2015.01.048","article-title":"Molecular dynamics simulation of trihalomethanes separation from water by functionalized nanoporous graphene under induced pressure","volume":"127","author":"Azamat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abraham, J., Vasu, K.S., Williams, C.D., Gopinadhan, K., Su, Y., Cherian, C.T., Dix, J., Prestat, E., Haigh, S.J., and Grigorieva, I.V. (2017). Tunable sieving of ions using graphene oxide membranes. Nat. Nano.","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2017.21"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6971","DOI":"10.1021\/nn202451x","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of graphite, graphite oxide, graphene oxide, and reduced graphene oxide: Membrane and oxidative stress","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1039\/C3NR04941H","article-title":"Graphene oxide exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against bacterial phytopathogens and fungal conidia by intertwining and membrane perturbation","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2015.06.059","article-title":"Graphene oxide\u2013silver nanoparticle membrane for biofouling control and water purification","volume":"281","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2016.05.095","article-title":"Novel titanium dioxide\/iron (III) oxide\/graphene oxide photocatalytic membrane for enhanced humic acid removal from water","volume":"302","author":"Rao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2011.05.009","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticle and graphene oxide nanosheet composites as a bactericidal agent for water disinfection","volume":"360","author":"Bao","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1992","DOI":"10.1039\/C2TA00406B","article-title":"Graphene oxide-chitosan composite hydrogels as broad-spectrum adsorbents for water purification","volume":"1","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2016.01.035","article-title":"Removal of Pb2+ from water environment using a novel magnetic chitosan\/graphene oxide imprinted Pb2+","volume":"86","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1021\/am302500v","article-title":"Mussel-inspired synthesis of polydopamine-functionalized graphene hydrogel as reusable adsorbents for water purification","volume":"5","author":"Gao","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2012.03.056","article-title":"Removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution with self-assembled cylindrical graphene\u2013carbon nanotube hybrid","volume":"192","author":"Ai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8346","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-016-0075-5","article-title":"Synthesis of N-doped and non-doped partially oxidised graphene membranes supported over ceramic materials","volume":"51","author":"Bikkarolla","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19210","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5b05012","article-title":"Bio-conjugated CNT-bridged 3D porous graphene oxide membrane for highly efficient disinfection of pathogenic bacteria and removal of toxic metals from water","volume":"7","author":"Kanchanapally","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11815","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5b01159","article-title":"Graphene-diatom silica aerogels for efficient removal of mercury ions from water","volume":"7","author":"Kabiri","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2860","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.6b00768","article-title":"Graphene-based microbots for toxic heavy metal removal and recovery from water","volume":"16","author":"Vilela","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2016.06.109","article-title":"Dodecyl sulfate chain anchored mesoporous graphene: Synthesis and application to sequester heavy metal ions from aqueous phase","volume":"304","author":"Yusuf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2016.04.014","article-title":"Rapid and highly selective removal of lead from water using graphene oxide-hydrated manganese oxide nanocomposites","volume":"314","author":"Wan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2016.05.035","article-title":"Layer-by-layer construction of graphene oxide (GO) framework composite membranes for highly efficient heavy metal removal","volume":"515","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2013.01.001","article-title":"Reduced graphene oxide-based hydrogels for the efficient capture of dye pollutants from aqueous solutions","volume":"56","author":"Tiwari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2016.06.004","article-title":"Application of positively-charged ethylenediamine-functionalized graphene for the sorption of anionic organic contaminants from water","volume":"4","author":"Cai","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."}],"container-title":["C"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2311-5629\/3\/2\/18\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:37:46Z","timestamp":1760207866000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2311-5629\/3\/2\/18"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,2]]},"references-count":199,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]}},"alternative-id":["c3020018"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/c3020018","relation":{},"ISSN":["2311-5629"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2311-5629","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,2]]}}}