{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T23:58:23Z","timestamp":1790812703922,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,28]],"date-time":"2019-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005010","name":"Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IG9153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IG9153"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005010","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cachexia is a debilitating syndrome that complicates the management of cancer patients. Muscle wasting, one of the main features of cachexia, is associated with hyper-activation of protein degradative pathways and altered mitochondrial function that could both result from impaired redox homeostasis. This study aimed to investigate the contribution of oxidative stress to cancer-induced cachexia in the presence or in the absence of moderate exercise training. Mice bearing the colon C26 carcinoma, either sedentary or exercised, were used. The former showed muscle wasting and redox imbalance, with the activation of an antioxidant response and with upregulation of markers of proteasome-dependent protein degradation and autophagy. Moderate exercise was able to relieve muscle wasting and prevented the loss of muscle strength; such a pattern was associated with reduced levels of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), carbonylated proteins and markers of autophagy and with improved antioxidant capacity. The muscle of sedentary tumor hosts also showed increased levels of molecular markers of mitophagy and reduced mitochondrial mass. Conversely, exercise in the C26 hosts led to increased mitochondrial mass. In conclusion, moderate exercise could be an effective non-pharmacological approach to prevent muscle wasting in cancer patients, decreasing muscle protein catabolism and oxidative stress and preserving mitochondria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11030285","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]],"date-time":"2019-03-01T03:33:00Z","timestamp":1551411180000},"page":"285","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Moderate Exercise Improves Experimental Cancer Cachexia by Modulating the Redox Homeostasis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5505-9024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riccardo","family":"Ballar\u00f2","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Experimental Medicine and Clinical Pathology Unit, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy"},{"name":"Interuniversity Institute of Myology, 61029 Urbino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2774-6027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Penna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Experimental Medicine and Clinical Pathology Unit, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy"},{"name":"Interuniversity Institute of Myology, 61029 Urbino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Pin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Experimental Medicine and Clinical Pathology Unit, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy"},{"name":"Interuniversity Institute of Myology, 61029 Urbino, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4000-1684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mari","family":"G\u00f3mez-Cabrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Freshage Research Group, University of Valencia, CIBERFES, INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Vi\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Freshage Research Group, University of Valencia, CIBERFES, INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Costelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Experimental Medicine and Clinical Pathology Unit, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy"},{"name":"Interuniversity Institute of Myology, 61029 Urbino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3829","article-title":"Cancer cachexia: Understanding the molecular basis","volume":"14","author":"Busquets","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2015.09.001","article-title":"Computed tomography-defined muscle and fat wasting are associated with cancer clinical outcomes","volume":"54","author":"Mazurak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Cell. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1097\/SPC.0000000000000011","article-title":"Impact of sarcopenia on the prognosis and treatment toxicities in patients diagnosed with cancer","volume":"7","author":"Antoun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Support Palliat Care"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cancer-associated cachexia","volume":"4","author":"Baracos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12232","article-title":"Mitochondrial degeneration precedes the development of muscle atrophy in progression of cancer cachexia in tumour bearing mice","volume":"8","author":"Brown","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43202","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.6439","article-title":"Combination of exercise training and erythropoietin prevents cancer-induced muscle alterations","volume":"6","author":"Pin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"White, J.P., Baynes, J.W., Welle, S.L., Kostek, M.C., Matesic, L.E., Sato, S., and Carson, J.A. (2011). The Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Protein Turnover during the Progression of Cancer Cachexia in the ApcMin\/+ Mouse. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024650"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/2044-5040-2-14","article-title":"IL-6 regulation on skeletal muscle mitochondrial remodeling during cancer cachexia in the ApcMin\/+ mouse","volume":"2","author":"White","year":"2012","journal-title":"Skelet. Muscle"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2009.07.002","article-title":"Are antioxidants useful for treating skeletal muscle atrophy?","volume":"47","author":"Bonetto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.3810\/psm.2009.12.1749","article-title":"Interplay of oxidants and antioxidants during exercise: Implications for muscle health","volume":"37","author":"Ji","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phys. Sportsmed."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4109","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.4109","article-title":"Formoterol attenuates increased oxidative stress and myosin protein loss in respiratory and limb muscles of cancer cachectic rats","volume":"5","author":"Busquets","year":"2017","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-011-0037-3","article-title":"Decreased NADPH oxidase expression and antioxidant activity in cachectic skeletal muscle","volume":"2","author":"Tisdale","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2007.10.047","article-title":"Muscle wasting in diabetic and in tumor-bearing rats: Role of oxidative stress","volume":"44","author":"Mastrocola","year":"2008","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3835(02)00006-X","article-title":"Induction of protein catabolism and the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway by mild oxidative stress","volume":"180","author":"Tisdale","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2014.11.006","article-title":"Oxidative stress, redox signaling pathways, and autophagy in cachectic muscles of male patients with advanced COPD and lung cancer","volume":"79","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"2063179","article-title":"Role of Oxidative Stress as Key Regulator of Muscle Wasting during Cachexia","volume":"2018","author":"Elorza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2016.05.010","article-title":"Redox regulation of autophagy in skeletal muscle","volume":"1","author":"Rodney","year":"2016","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9579868","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/9579868","article-title":"The Janus-Faced Role of Antioxidants in Cancer Cachexia: New Insights on the Established Concepts","volume":"2016","author":"Assi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0000000000000161","article-title":"Mitochondrial plasticity in cancer-related muscle wasting","volume":"18","author":"Vitorino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.101006","article-title":"Loss of oxidative defense and potential blockade of satellite cell maturation in the skeletal muscle of patients with cancer but not in the healthy elderly","volume":"8","author":"Brzeszczynska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1177\/1758834017698643","article-title":"Cancer-induced muscle wasting: Latest findings in prevention and treatment","volume":"9","author":"Aversa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Med. Oncol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s11764-016-0592-x","article-title":"Evaluation of resistance training to improve muscular strength and body composition in cancer patients undergoing neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapy: A meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Padilha","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cancer Surviv."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000000083","article-title":"Effect of Exercise on Cancer-Related Fatigue","volume":"93","author":"Tomlinson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1111\/coa.12015","article-title":"Exercise interventions on health-related quality of life for people with cancer during active treatment","volume":"5","author":"Mishra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26991","DOI":"10.1038\/srep26991","article-title":"Aerobic Exercise and Pharmacological Treatments Counteract Cachexia by Modulating Autophagy in Colon Cancer","volume":"6","author":"Pigna","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2012.10.021","article-title":"Resistance exercise modulates lipid plasma profile and cytokine content in the adipose tissue of tumour-bearing rats","volume":"61","author":"Donatto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2007.02.001","article-title":"Moderate exercise is an antioxidant: Upregulation of antioxidant genes by training","volume":"44","author":"Domenech","year":"2008","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-010-0007-1","article-title":"Skeletal muscle wasting in cachexia and sarcopenia: Molecular pathophysiology and impact of exercise training","volume":"1","author":"Bowen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2015.12.019","article-title":"Antioxidant supplementation accelerates cachexia development by promoting tumor growth in C26 tumor-bearing mice","volume":"91","author":"Assi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ballar\u00f2, R., Beltr\u00e0, M., De Lucia, S., Pin, F., Ranjbar, K., Hulmi, J.J., Costelli, P., and Penna, F. (2019). Moderate exercise in mice improves cancer plus chemotherapy-induced muscle wasting and mitochondrial alterations. FASEB J.","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201801862R"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.06.013","article-title":"Glycine administration attenuates skeletal muscle wasting in a mouse model of cancer cachexia","volume":"33","author":"Ham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2009.07.035","article-title":"Nrf2, INrf(Keap1) Signaling in Oxidative Stress","volume":"47","author":"Kaspar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.12.023","article-title":"Autophagic degradation contributes to muscle wasting in cancer cachexia","volume":"182","author":"Penna","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2012.01970.x","article-title":"Exercise acts as a drug; The pharmacological benefits of exercise","volume":"167","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2016.01.014","article-title":"Aerobic And Resistance Training Dependent Skeletal Muscle Plasticity In The Colon-26 Murine Model Of Cancer Cachexia","volume":"65","author":"Khamoui","year":"2016","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1517\/13543784.2016.1117072","article-title":"Novel investigational drugs mimicking exercise for the treatment of cachexia","volume":"25","author":"Penna","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2012.12.012","article-title":"Exercise metabolism and the molecular regulation of skeletal muscle adaptation","volume":"17","author":"Egan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ranjbar, K., Ballaro, R., Bover, Q., Pin, F., Beltra, M., Penna, F., and Costelli, P. (2019). Combined Exercise Training Positively Affects Muscle Wasting in Tumor-bearing Mice. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc.","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001916"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-014-2883-0","article-title":"Effects of exercise dose and type on sleep quality in breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy: A multicenter randomized trial","volume":"144","author":"Courneya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"b3410","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b3410","article-title":"Effect of a multimodal high intensity exercise intervention in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy: Randomised controlled trial","volume":"339","author":"Adamsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2008.09.002","article-title":"Skeletal muscle is a primary target of SOD1G93A-mediated toxicity","volume":"8","author":"Dobrowolny","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C542","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00192.2009","article-title":"p38 MAPK links oxidative stress to autophagy-related gene expression in cachectic muscle wasting","volume":"298","author":"McClung","year":"2010","journal-title":"AJP Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.2174\/156800909789057015","article-title":"Deacetylase inhibitors modulate the myostatin\/follistatin axis without improving cachexia in tumor-bearing mice","volume":"9","author":"Bonetto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Cancer Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-016-0384-6","article-title":"Activation of the Keap1\/Nrf2 stress response pathway in autophagic vacuolar myopathies","volume":"4","author":"Duleh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00677.2010","article-title":"Exercise protects against doxorubicin-induced oxidative stress and proteolysis in skeletal muscle","volume":"110","author":"Smuder","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cunha, T.F., Bacurau, A.V.N., Moreira, J.B.N., Paix\u00e3o, N.A., Campos, J.C., Ferreira, J.C.B., Leal, M.L., Negr\u00e3o, C.E., Moriscot, A.S., and Wisl\u00f8ff, U. (2012). Exercise training prevents oxidative stress and ubiquitin-proteasome system overactivity and reverse skeletal muscle atrophy in heart failure. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0041701"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2016-0436","article-title":"Resistance exercise attenuates skeletal muscle oxidative stress, systemic pro-inflammatory state, and cachexia in Walker-256 tumor-bearing rats","volume":"42","author":"Padilha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.1997.tb01196.x","article-title":"Effects of endurance training on superoxide dismutase activity, content and mRNA expression in rat muscle","volume":"24","author":"Kizaki","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2015.04.006","article-title":"Redox modulation of mitochondriogenesis in exercise. Does antioxidant supplementation blunt the benefits of exercise training?","volume":"86","author":"Cabo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4184","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.13-228486","article-title":"Autophagy is required for exercise training-induced skeletal muscle adaptation and improvement of physical performance","volume":"27","author":"Lira","year":"2013","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2543","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2011.3965","article-title":"Chemotherapy-Induced Weakness and Fatigue in Skeletal Muscle: The Role of Oxidative Stress","volume":"15","author":"Gilliam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E293","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00540.2015","article-title":"Targeted overexpression of mitochondrial catalase protects against cancer chemotherapy-induced skeletal muscle dysfunction","volume":"311","author":"Gilliam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"2434","article-title":"Tumor induction relationships in development of transplantable cancers of the colon in mice for chemotherapy assays, with a note on carcinogen structure","volume":"35","author":"Corbett","year":"1975","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.04.014","article-title":"Pathogenesis of FOLFOX induced sinusoidal obstruction syndrome in a murine chemotherapy model","volume":"59","author":"Robinson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.24710","article-title":"An animal model for chemotherapy-associated steatohepatitis and its prevention by the oral administration of fatty acid bile acid conjugate","volume":"116","author":"Keizman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/88.7.430","article-title":"Role of fluoropyrimidine Schedule and (6R,S)leucovorin dose in a preclinical animal model of colorectal carcinoma","volume":"88","author":"Cao","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2006.04.030","article-title":"Oxidative stress and inflammatory response evoked by transient cerebral ischemia\/reperfusion: Effects of the PPAR-\u03b1 agonist WY14643","volume":"41","author":"Collino","year":"2006","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10894","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10894","article-title":"G6PD protects from oxidative damage and improves healthspan in mice","volume":"7","author":"Brioche","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/11\/3\/285\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:35:26Z","timestamp":1760186126000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/11\/3\/285"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,28]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers11030285"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers11030285","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,28]]}}}