{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T12:40:46Z","timestamp":1791636046095,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,14]],"date-time":"2019-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1560470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare neoplasm related to asbestos exposure and with high mortality rate. The management of patients with MPM is complex and controversial, particularly with regard to early diagnosis. In the last few years, breath analysis has been greatly implemented with this aim. In this review the strengths of breath analysis and preliminary results in searching breath biomarkers of MPM are highlighted and discussed, respectively. Through a systematic electronic literature search, collecting papers published from 2000 until December 2018, fifteen relevant scientific papers were selected. All papers considered were prospective, comparative, observational case\u2013control studies although every single one pilot and based on a relatively small number of samples. The identification of diagnostic VOCs pattern, through breath sample characterization and the statistical data treatment, allows to obtain a strategic information for clinical diagnostics. To date the collected data provide just preliminary information and, despite the promising results and diagnostic accuracy, conclusions cannot be generalized due to the limited number of individuals included in each cohort study. Furthermore none of studies was externally validated, although validation process is a necessary step towards clinical implementation. Breathomics-based biomarker approach should be further explored to confirm and validate preliminary findings and to evaluate its potential role in monitoring the therapeutic response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11060831","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,14]],"date-time":"2019-06-14T11:19:58Z","timestamp":1560511198000},"page":"831","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Breath Analysis: A Systematic Review of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in Diagnostic and Therapeutic Management of Pleural Mesothelioma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Annamaria","family":"Catino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Thoracic Oncology Unit, Clinical Cancer Centre \"Giovanni Paolo II\", 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6868-6569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianluigi","family":"de Gennaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessia","family":"Di Gilio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Facchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4878-5906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenico","family":"Galetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thoracic Oncology Unit, Clinical Cancer Centre \"Giovanni Paolo II\", 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jolanda","family":"Palmisani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6535-8001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Porcelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niccol\u00f2","family":"Varesano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thoracic Oncology Unit, Clinical Cancer Centre \"Giovanni Paolo II\", 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2017.04.002","article-title":"On behalf of the International Association for the study of Lung Cancer Mesothelioma Task Force. Epidemiology of environmental exposure and malignant mesothelioma","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1183\/09059180.00007014","article-title":"Malignant pleural mesothelioma: History, controversy and future of a manmade epidemic","volume":"24","author":"Roe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s11864-019-0613-x","article-title":"Use of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Mesothelioma","volume":"20","author":"Forde","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Treat. Options Oncol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"v31","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdv199","article-title":"Malignant pleural mesothelioma: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow up","volume":"26","author":"Baas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Travis, W.D., Brambilla, E., Burke, A.P., Marx, A., and Nicholson, A.G. (2015). Tumours of the Lung, Pleura, Thymus and Hearth, Iarc Press."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(13)70257-2","article-title":"Asbestos is not just asbestos: An unrecognized health hazard","volume":"14","author":"Baumann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494815596500","article-title":"Emerging evidence that the ban on asbestos use is reducing the occurrence of pleural mesothelioma in Sweden","volume":"43","author":"Jarvholm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scand. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22442","article-title":"Incidence of malignant mesothelioma of the pleura in Quebec and Canada from 1984 to 2007, and projections from 2008 to 2032","volume":"58","author":"Krupoves","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2015-103309","article-title":"Incidence and survival trends for malignant pleural and peritoneal mesothelioma, Australia, 1982\u20132009","volume":"73","author":"Soeberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1","article-title":"Biomarkers for early diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma: Do we need another moonshot?","volume":"8","author":"Langniau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.05.002","article-title":"Analysis of work place compliance measurement of asbestos by the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (1984-2011)","volume":"72","author":"Cowan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.22724","article-title":"Malignant mesothelioma: Facts, myths, and hypotheses","volume":"227","author":"Carbone","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2012.03.001","article-title":"The ticking time-bomb of asbestos: Its insidious role in the development of malignant mesothelioma","volume":"84","author":"Linton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aogh.2016.01.019","article-title":"The global health dimensions of asbestos and asbestos-related diseases","volume":"82","author":"Takahashi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2009.047019","article-title":"Non-occupational exposure to asbestos and malignant mesothelioma in the Italian National Registry of Mesothelioma","volume":"67","author":"Mirabelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2016.04.028","article-title":"Consensus report of the 2015 Weinman International Conference on Mesothelioma","volume":"11","author":"Carbone","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-15-0751","article-title":"Gender-specific molecular and clinical features underlie malignant pleural mesothelioma","volume":"76","author":"Archer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgz004","article-title":"Prognostic factors of survival in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma: An analysis of the National Cancer Database","volume":"40","author":"Alpert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matullo, G., Guarrera, S., Betti, M., Fiorito, G., Ferrante, D., Voglino, F., Cadby, G., Di Gaetano, C., Rosa, F., and Russo, A. (2013). Genetic variants associated with increased risk of malignant pleural mesothelioma: A genome-wide association study. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061253"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1002\/gcc.22670","article-title":"Sensitivity to asbestos is increased in patients with mesothelioma and pathogenic germline variants in BAP1 or other DNA repair genes","volume":"57","author":"Betti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Genes Chromosomes Cancer"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2013.04.018","article-title":"A genome-wide association study for malignant mesothelioma risk","volume":"82","author":"Cadby","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902748","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/902748","article-title":"Oxidative Status and Acute Phase Reactants in Patients with Environmental Asbestos Exposure and Mesothelioma","volume":"2014","author":"Sezgi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-016-9868-1","article-title":"Evaluation of new biomarkers in the prediction of malignant mesothelioma in subjects with environmental asbestos exposure","volume":"194","author":"Demir","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2238","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-10-0346","article-title":"Serum mesothelin for early detection of asbestos-induced cancer malignant mesothelioma","volume":"19","author":"Creaney","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3087","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-15-1130","article-title":"HMGB1 and its hyperacetylated isoform are sensitive and specific biomarkers to detect asbestos exposure and to identify mesothelioma patients","volume":"22","author":"Napolitano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.21037\/tlcr.2017.05.06","article-title":"Diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for malignant mesothelioma: An update","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl. Lung Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ostroff, R.M., Mehan, M.R., Stewart, A., Ayers, D., Brody, E.N., Williams, S.A., Levin, S., Black, B., Harbut, M., and Carbone, M. (2012). Early detection of malignant pleural mesothelioma in asbestos-exposed individuals with a noninvasive proteomics-based surveillance tool. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0046091"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2017.22","article-title":"Prognostication and monitoring of mesothelioma using biomarkers: A systematic review","volume":"116","author":"Arnold","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2018.10.163","article-title":"Peripheral Blood DNA Methylation as Potential Biomarker of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma in Asbestos-Exposed Subjects","volume":"14","author":"Guarrera","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2010-0604-RA","article-title":"Immunohistochemistry and molecular diagnostics of pleural malignant mesothelioma","volume":"136","author":"Betta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2015-0240-SA","article-title":"New Markers for Separating Benign From Malignant Mesothelial Proliferations: Are We There Yet?","volume":"140","author":"Churg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2016.05.004","article-title":"The third Italian consensus conference for malignant pleural mesothelioma: State of the art and recommendations","volume":"104","author":"Novello","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S304","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2017.10.19","article-title":"Chemotherapy treatment in malignant pleural mesothelioma: A difficult history","volume":"10","author":"Cinausero","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(18)30765-4","article-title":"French Cooperative Thoracic Intergroup. Nivolumab or nivolumab plus ipilimumab in patients with relapsed malignant pleural mesothelioma (IFCT-1501 MAPS2): A multicentre, open-label, randomised, non-comparative, phase 2 trial","volume":"20","author":"Scherpereel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(18)30420-X","article-title":"Ipilimumab and nivolumab in the treatment of recurrent malignant pleural mesothelioma(INITIATE): Results of a prospective, single-arm, phase 2 trial","volume":"7","author":"Disselhorst","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1080\/17476348.2019.1563488","article-title":"Immunotherapy strategies for mesothelioma\u2014The role of tumor specific neoantigens in a new era of precision medicine","volume":"13","author":"Ye","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2004.02203.x","article-title":"Review article: 13C-urea breath test in the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection\u2014A critical","volume":"20","author":"Gisbert","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cccn.2004.04.023","article-title":"Diagnostic potential of breath analysis\u2014Focus on volatile organic compounds","volume":"347","author":"Miekisch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.20056","article-title":"Childhood asthma: Exhaled markers of airway inflammation, asthma control score, and lung function tests","volume":"38","author":"Rosias","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.835","article-title":"Human exhaled air analytics: Biomarkers of diseases","volume":"21","author":"Buszewski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomed. Chromatogr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2009.2035201","article-title":"What is Normal Breath? Challenge and Opportunity","volume":"10","author":"Solga","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1002\/mas.20303","article-title":"Progress in SIFT-MS: Breath analysis and other applications","volume":"30","author":"Smith","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mass Spec. Rev."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4347(99)00127-9","article-title":"Variation in volatile organic compounds in the breath of normal humans","volume":"729","author":"Philips","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00142508","article-title":"Exhaled biomarkers in lung cancer","volume":"34","author":"Horvath","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"014001","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7155\/8\/1\/014001","article-title":"A review of the volatiles from the healthy human body","volume":"8","author":"Amann","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Breath Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2018.01.069","article-title":"Evolution of clinical and environmental health applications of exhaled breath research: Review of methods and instrumentation for gas-phase, condensate, and aerosols","volume":"1024","author":"Wallace","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7155\/8\/3\/034001","article-title":"The human volatilome: Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath, skin emanations, urine, feces and saliva","volume":"8","author":"Amann","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Breath Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.98106573","article-title":"Trichloroethene levels in human blood and exhaled breath from controlled inhalation exposure","volume":"106","author":"Pleil","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bajtarevic, A., Ager, C., Pienz, M., Klieber, M., Schwarz, K., Ligor, M., Ligor, T., Filipiak, W., Denz, H., Fiegl, M., and Hilbe, W. (2009). Noninvasive detection of lung cancer by analysis of exhaled breath. BMC Cancer, 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-9-348"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2009.133","article-title":"Determination of volatile organic compounds in exhaled breath of patients with lung cancer using solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography mass spectrometry","volume":"47","author":"Ligor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-13-0737","article-title":"Strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities of diagnostic breathomics in pleural mesothelioma-a hypothesis","volume":"23","author":"Lamote","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2006.05.006","article-title":"From highly sophisticated analytical techniques to life-saving diagnostics: Technical developments in breath analysis","volume":"25","author":"Miekisch","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/10408340600976499","article-title":"Current status of methods and techniques for breath analysis","volume":"37","author":"Cao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2012.11.011","article-title":"Analytical challenges in breath analysis and its application to exposure monitoring","volume":"44","author":"Alonso","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trac. Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/28\/1\/007","article-title":"The suitability of Tedlar bags for breath sampling in medical diagnostic research","volume":"28","author":"Steeghs","year":"2006","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4347(94)00545-G","article-title":"Measurement of volatile organic compounds in exhaled breath as collected in evacuated electropolished canister","volume":"665","author":"Pleil","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2018.07.019","article-title":"Synergistic approaches for odor active compounds monitoring and identification: State of the art, integration, limits and potentialities of analytical and sensorial techniques (Review)","volume":"107","author":"Giungato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1002\/mas.20033","article-title":"Selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) for on-line trace gas analysis","volume":"24","author":"Smith","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mass Spectrom. Rev."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Risby, T.H., Amann, A., and Smith, D. (2005). Breath analysis for clinical diagnostics and therapeutic monitoring. World Sci. Lond., 251\u2013267."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2004.06.001","article-title":"The assessment of methyl mercaptan, an important clinical marker for the diagnosis of oral malodor","volume":"32","author":"Awano","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2015.238840","article-title":"Ion Mobility in Clinical Analysis: Current Progress and Future Perspectives","volume":"62","author":"Chouinard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2004.02.002","article-title":"Mass spectrometric profile of exhaled breath\u2014Field study by PTR-MS","volume":"145","author":"Moser","year":"2005","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfg049","article-title":"Elective haemodialysis increases exhaled isoprene","volume":"18","author":"Lirk","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transpl."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4117","DOI":"10.1021\/ac0501240","article-title":"Unambiguous identification of volatile organic compounds by proton-transfer reaction mass spectrometry coupled with GC\/MS","volume":"77","author":"Lindinger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3841","DOI":"10.1021\/ac0498260","article-title":"Demonstration of proton-transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry for real-time analysis of trace volatile organic compounds","volume":"76","author":"Blake","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"034001","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7155\/3\/3\/034001","article-title":"Ion mobility spectrometry coupled with multi-capillary columns for metabolic profiling of human breath","volume":"3","author":"Baumbach","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Breath Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2008.099465","article-title":"Ion mobility spectrometry for the detection of volatile organic compounds in exhaled breath of patients with lung cancer: Results of a pilot study","volume":"64","author":"Westhoff","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2016.08.005","article-title":"Artificial Nose Technology: Status and Prospects in Diagnostics","volume":"35","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1016\/S0584-8547(02)00110-6","article-title":"Ion mobility spectrometerfor online monitoring of trace compounds","volume":"57","author":"Li","year":"2002","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"88","article-title":"Determination of pentane, isoprene and acetone Using HSCC-UV-IMS","volume":"4","author":"Xie","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Ion. Mobil. Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.1419","article-title":"Atmospheric pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption\/ionization with analysis by ion mobility time-of-flight mass spectrometry","volume":"18","author":"Steiner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2005.01.055","article-title":"Detection of human metabolites using multi-capillary columns coupled to ion mobility spectrometers","volume":"1084","author":"Ruzsanyi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200409-1184OC","article-title":"Detection of lung cancer by sensor array analyses of exhaled breath","volume":"171","author":"Machado","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Princivalle, A., Monasta, L., Butturini, G., Bassi, C., and Perbellini, L. (2018). Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma can be detected by analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in alveolar air. BMC Cancer, 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-018-4452-0"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp093","article-title":"A new ensemble-based algorithm for identifying breath gas marker candidates in liver disease using ion molecule reaction mass spectrometry","volume":"25","author":"Netzer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.3109\/13547501003624512","article-title":"Non-invasive diagnosis of liver diseases by breath analysis using an optimized ion\u2013molecule reaction mass spectrometry approach: A pilot study","volume":"15","author":"Millonig","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomarkers"},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"447","article-title":"A novel method for diagnosing chronic rhinosinusitis based on an electronic nose","volume":"30","author":"Mohamed","year":"2003","journal-title":"Otorrinolaringol. Ibero Am."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4878(01)00020-5","article-title":"Analysis of solvent vapors in breath and ambient air with a surface acoustic wave sensor array","volume":"45","author":"Groves","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Occup. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0956-5663(03)00086-1","article-title":"Lung cancer identification by the analysis of breath by means of an array of non-selective gas sensors","volume":"18","author":"Macagnano","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(92)90117-Y","article-title":"The role of free radicals in asbestos-induced diseases","volume":"12","author":"Kamp","year":"1992","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.54.7.638","article-title":"The molecular basis of asbestos induced lung injury","volume":"54","author":"Kamp","year":"1999","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.125.3.1103","article-title":"Asbestos and the pleura\u2014A review","volume":"125","author":"Cugell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623019","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/623019","article-title":"Role of nitrative and oxidative DNA damage in inflammation-related carcinogenesis","volume":"2012","author":"Murata","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12611","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1006542107","article-title":"Programmed necrosis induced by asbestos in human mesothelial cells causes high-mobility group box 1 protein release and resultant inflammation","volume":"107","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"(2019, April 01). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) standards & guidelines. Available online: http:\/\/www.prisma-statement.org\/."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"Green, S., Higgins, J.P.T., Alderson, P., Clarke, M., Mulrow, C.D., and Oxman, A.D. (2008). Chapter 1: What is a systematic review. Cochrane Handbook of Systematic Reviews of Interventions, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91593","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.21335","article-title":"Breath analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and electronic nose to screen for pleural mesothelioma: A cross-sectional case control study","volume":"8","author":"Lamote","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700919","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00919-2017","article-title":"Exhaled breath to screen for malignant pleural mesothelioma: A validation study","volume":"50","author":"Lamote","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"047102","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7163\/aa7cc0","article-title":"Comparison of feasibility and estimates of central and peripheral nitric oxide parameters by different mathematical models","volume":"11","author":"Karvonen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Breath Res."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"046001","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7155\/10\/4\/046001","article-title":"Detection of malignant pleural mesothelioma in exhaled breath by multicapillary column\/ion mobility spectrometry (MCC\/IMS)","volume":"10","author":"Lamote","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Breath Res."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdu357.4","article-title":"A breath test for diagnosing malignant pleural mesothelioma","volume":"25","author":"Lamote","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s12127-014-0147-7","article-title":"Signals in asbestos related diseases in human breath\u2014Preliminary results","volume":"17","author":"Cakir","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Ion Mobil. Spec."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00040911","article-title":"A breath test for malignant mesothelioma using an electronic nose","volume":"40","author":"Chapman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2011.08.009","article-title":"An electronic nose distinguishes exhaled breath of patients with Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma from controls","volume":"75","author":"Dragonieri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3043","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-010-4238-y","article-title":"Chemical characterization of exhaled breath to differentiate between patients with malignant plueral mesothelioma from subjects with similar professional asbestos exposure","volume":"398","author":"Dragonieri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"017104","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7155\/4\/1\/017104","article-title":"LC-ESI-MS\/MS method for oxidative stress multimarker screening in the exhaled breath condensate of asbestosis\/silicosis patients","volume":"4","author":"Kuzma","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Breath Res."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2009.04.009","article-title":"Exhaled breath condensate biomarkers in asbestos-related lung disorders","volume":"103","author":"Chow","year":"2009","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2009.06.008","article-title":"Rapid and easy method for monitoring oxidative stress markers in body fluids of patients with asbestos or silica-induced lung diseases","volume":"877","author":"Kuzma","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.2486\/indhealth.46.484","article-title":"Increased 8-isoprostane, a Marker of Oxidative Stress in Exhaled Breath Condensate in Subjects with Asbestos Exposure","volume":"46","author":"Pelclova","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ind. Health"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2006.067868","article-title":"Increased alveolar nitric oxide concentration and high levels of leukotriene B4 and 8-isoprostane in exhaled breath condensate in patients with asbestosis","volume":"62","author":"Lehtonen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2006.00852.x","article-title":"Fractional exhaled nitric oxide concentration is increased in asbestosis and pleural plaques","volume":"11","author":"Sandrini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.3109\/0284186X.2013.819996","article-title":"Can dogs smell lung cancer? First study using exhaled breath and urine screening in unselected patients with suspected lung cancer","volume":"53","author":"Amundsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Oncol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-012-6102-8","article-title":"Identification of volatile lung cancer markers by gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry: Comparison with discrimination by canines","volume":"404","author":"Buszewski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00051711","article-title":"Canine scent detection in the diagnosis of lung cancer: Revisiting a puzzling phenomenon","volume":"39","author":"Ehmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/11\/6\/831\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:58:35Z","timestamp":1760187515000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/11\/6\/831"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,14]]},"references-count":104,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers11060831"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers11060831","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,14]]}}}