{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T18:32:24Z","timestamp":1793039544780,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,24]],"date-time":"2019-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1563926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Although metastases of ovarian and peritoneal carcinomatosis are most commonly found within the peritoneal cavity, there is a number of other rare distant sites that have been reported. Our goal is to provide an evidence-based summary of the available literature considering the rare distant metastatic sites of ovarian and peritoneal carcinomatosis. Methods: A comprehensive search of the literature was conducted, with Medline\/PubMed being searched for cases of rare metastatic disease originated from primary ovarian and peritoneal cancer with related articles up to 2019 including terms such as \u201covarian cancer\u201d, \u201cmetastases\u201d, \u201cperitoneal\u201d and others. Results: The most common mechanism of ovarian cancer metastases consists of primarily dissemination within the peritoneal cavity, while, rare and distant sites can either occur at the beginning or during the course of the disease and they are usually associated with hematogenous route and lymphatic invasion, having poor prognosis, with the least common sites being skin, bone, CNS, eye, placenta, central airways, rare lymph nodes, intra-abdominal organs, heart and breast. Conclusions: The occurrence of metastatic sites described in this review represents the most common rare distant metastatic sites, and even though their patterns of metastases are still not fully clarified due to the rarity of the reports, they offer valuable information considering the pathophysiology of the disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11081044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,24]],"date-time":"2019-07-24T10:48:19Z","timestamp":1563965299000},"page":"1044","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Rare Distant Metastatic Disease of Ovarian and Peritoneal Carcinomatosis: A Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Thomakos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alexandra Hospital, Gynecologic Oncology Unit, University of Athens, Athens 115 28, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1104-7739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michail","family":"Diakosavvas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alexandra Hospital, Gynecologic Oncology Unit, University of Athens, Athens 115 28, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Machairiotis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics-Gynaecology, Royal Oldham Hospital, Pennine Accute Trust, Oldham OL12JH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0216-3420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zacharias","family":"Fasoulakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alexandra Hospital, Gynecologic Oncology Unit, University of Athens, Athens 115 28, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5119-2207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Zarogoulidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Department of Surgery, \u201cAHEPA\u201d University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 546 36, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandros","family":"Rodolakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alexandra Hospital, Gynecologic Oncology Unit, University of Athens, Athens 115 28, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"UK Statistics and Outlook for Ovarian Cancer (2011). Cancer Research, UK Statistics and Outlook for Ovarian Cancer."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21456","article-title":"Ovarian cancer statistics, 2018","volume":"68","author":"Torre","year":"2018","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.20892\/j.issn.2095-3941.2016.0084","article-title":"Epidemiology of ovarian cancer: A review","volume":"14","author":"Reid","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19850901)56:5<1209::AID-CNCR2820560542>3.0.CO;2-Y","article-title":"Pulmonary metastases in ovarian cancer analysis of 357 patients","volume":"56","author":"Kerr","year":"1985","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.48.2140","article-title":"Endobronchial Metastasis from Primary Papillary Serous Carcinoma of the Peritoneum","volume":"48","author":"Nakao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s10555-013-9456-2","article-title":"Ovarian cancer microenvironment: Implications for cancer dissemination and chemoresistance acquisition","volume":"33","author":"Thibault","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Metastasis Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2014.05.002","article-title":"Hematogenous Metastasis of Ovarian Cancer: Rethinking Mode of Spread","volume":"26","author":"Pradeep","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1136\/ijgc-00009577-200303000-00004","article-title":"Distant metastases in ovarian carcinoma","volume":"13","author":"Cormio","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2559","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19871115)60:10<2559::AID-CNCR2820601035>3.0.CO;2-7","article-title":"Central nervous system metastases in epithelial ovarian carcinoma","volume":"60","author":"Dauplat","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1023\/B:NEON.0000014516.04943.38","article-title":"Brain metastases in patients with ovarian carcinoma: Prognostic factors and outcome","volume":"66","author":"Cohen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1006\/gyno.1995.1134","article-title":"Brain metastases in epithelial ovarian carcinoma","volume":"57","author":"Geisler","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-8258(03)00265-8","article-title":"A case of ovarian cancer with remote metastases, with emphasis on changes in tumor marker values","volume":"90","author":"Mikami","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-014-1447-9","article-title":"Brain metastasis from ovarian cancer: A systematic review","volume":"119","author":"Pakneshan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurooncol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1159\/000328307","article-title":"Mucinous Adenocarcinoma of the Ovary Metastatic to the Eye","volume":"45","author":"Heerema","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Cytol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(67)91297-4","article-title":"Tumor metastasis to the eye. Part I. Incidence in 213 adult patients with generalized malignancy","volume":"63","author":"Albert","year":"1967","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.80.2.125","article-title":"Frequency of ocular metastases in patients dying of cancer in eye bank populations","volume":"80","author":"Albert","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1971.00990050675005","article-title":"The Incidence of Ocular Metastatic Carcinoma","volume":"85","author":"Bloch","year":"1971","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7800-6-3","article-title":"Choroidal eye metastases from (recurrent) primary peritoneal carcinoma: Case report and review of the literature","volume":"6","author":"Thomakos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. Semin. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1097\/00006982-200304000-00018","article-title":"Choroidal Metastases From a Primary Ovarian Mucinous Cystadenocarcinoma","volume":"23","author":"Kim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1006\/gyno.1997.4715","article-title":"Ovarian carcinoma metastatic to the choroid of the eye","volume":"65","author":"Kushner","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2044","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1438.2006.00730.x","article-title":"A rare case of choroidal metastasis presented after conservative management of endometrial cancer","volume":"16","author":"Cormio","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19871001)60:7<1561::AID-CNCR2820600725>3.0.CO;2-V","article-title":"Distant metastases in epithelial ovarian carcinoma","volume":"60","author":"Dauplat","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, H., Gao, C., Zhang, R., Yang, Z., and Zhang, G. (2017). Two independent incidences of skin metastases in the umbilicus and abdominal wall in ovarian serous adenocarcinoma: A case report and review of the literature. Medicine, 96.","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000009118"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s11845-015-1257-x","article-title":"Port site metastatic disease in ovarian carcinoma","volume":"185","author":"Sullivan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ir. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1136\/ijgc-00009577-200509000-00010","article-title":"Port-site metastases after open laparoscopy: A study in 173 patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma","volume":"15","author":"Vergote","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1177\/1049909111409390","article-title":"Peritoneal Catheter Site Metastasis in a Patient With Advanced Ovarian Cancer","volume":"29","author":"Ramirez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Hosp. Palliat. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-8258(03)00400-1","article-title":"Skin metastases in ovarian carcinoma: A report of nine cases and a review of the literature","volume":"90","author":"Cormio","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1270","article-title":"Bone metastasis from ovarian cancer. Clinical analysis of 26 cases","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Saudi Med. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2018.06.022","article-title":"Sites of distant metastases and overall survival in ovarian cancer: A study of 1481 patients","volume":"150","author":"Deng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9260(99)91178-9","article-title":"Supradiaphragmatic manifestations of papillary serous adenocarcinoma of the ovary","volume":"54","author":"Patel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1080\/014436102320261285","article-title":"An atypical presentation of ovarian cancer","volume":"22","author":"Moustafa","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. (Lahore)"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(88)80316-2","article-title":"Distribution of disease at autopsy in 100 women with ovarian cancer","volume":"19","author":"Dvoretsky","year":"1988","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1007\/s13193-016-0556-7","article-title":"Presentation and Management of Inguinal Lymphadenopathy in Ovarian Cancer","volume":"7","author":"Giri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnci.2017.01.003","article-title":"Ovarian cancer with metastatic inguinal lymphadenopathy: A case series and literature review","volume":"29","author":"Metwally","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Egypt. Natl. Canc. Inst."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1006\/gyno.1999.5592","article-title":"Inguinal lymph node metastasis as the only manifestation of lymphatic spread in ovarian cancer: A case report","volume":"75","author":"Scholz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-8258(92)90291-P","article-title":"Endometrioid carcinoma of the ovary presenting with an enlarged inguinal lymph node without evidence of abdominal carcinomatosis","volume":"45","author":"McGonigle","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1006\/gyno.1993.1177","article-title":"Ovarian carcinoma presenting with inguinal metastatic lymphadenopathy 33 months prior to intraabdominal disease","volume":"50","author":"Kehoe","year":"1993","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1097\/LBR.0000000000000283","article-title":"Calcified Mediastinal Metastasis of Ovarian Cancer Mimicking Broncholithiasis","volume":"23","author":"Dhillon","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Bronchol. Interv. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2017.09.001","article-title":"Feasibility, safety and clinical outcomes of cardiophrenic lymph node resection in advanced ovarian cancer","volume":"147","author":"Cowan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-199302000-00011","article-title":"Ovarian carcinoma metastasis to the breast case report and review of the literature","volume":"17","author":"Yamasaki","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El Attrache, B.F., Highsmith, C., Gluck, B., Edna Kapenhas, A.H., and Kapenhas, E. (2017). A Rarity in Breast Disease: Metastatic Ovarian Carcinoma to the Breast Mimicking Inflammatory Breast Cancer. J. Univers. Surg., 3\u20136.","DOI":"10.21767\/2254-6758.100081"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-200412000-00015","article-title":"Serous carcinoma of the ovary and peritoneum with metastases to the breast and axillary lymph nodes: A potential pitfall","volume":"28","author":"Recine","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"3047","article-title":"Breast metastasis 56 months before the diagnosis of primary ovarian cancer: A case study","volume":"28","author":"Schneuber","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-018-1673-4","article-title":"Laparoscopic splenectomy for solitary splenic metastasis in a patient with ovarian cancer with a long disease-free interval: A case report","volume":"12","author":"Yasuda","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1006\/gyno.1993.1059","article-title":"Solitary recurrent metastasis of epithelial ovarian cancer in the spleen","volume":"48","author":"Braly","year":"1993","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.9147-17","article-title":"A Metastatic Gastric Tumor from Ovarian Cancer","volume":"57","author":"Kono","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1006\/gyno.1994.1266","article-title":"Unusual intramural gastric metastasis of recurrent epithelial ovarian carcinoma","volume":"55","author":"Taylor","year":"1994","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1097\/LBR.0000000000000463","article-title":"Lung Parenchymal and Endobronchial Metastases from Ovarian Carcinoma","volume":"25","author":"Ayub","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Bronchol. Interv. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2007.05.002","article-title":"Use of bronchoscopic electrocautery in removing an endotracheal metastasis","volume":"58","author":"Choi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perri, T., Lantsberg, D., Ben-Baruch, G., Beiner, M.E., Jakobson-Setton, A., and Korach, J. (2015). Malignant Pericardial Effusion in Ovarian Malignancy: A Treatable Oncologic Emergency. J. Emerg. Med.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.04.024"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"281","article-title":"Platinum sensitive carcinoma of ovary relapsed as pericardial effusion with cardiac tamponade","volume":"49","author":"Dracham","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-8258(89)90614-8","article-title":"Primary invasive ovarian adenocarcinoma with brain and placental metastases: A case report","volume":"33","author":"Patsner","year":"1989","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"566","article-title":"Placental metastases. Case report: Maternal death from ovarian cancer","volume":"15","author":"Horner","year":"1960","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1159\/000479959","article-title":"Recurrence of Ovarian Cancer with Placental Metastasis: A Case Report","volume":"10","author":"Honda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Case Rep. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"609","article-title":"Ovarian cancer: An overview","volume":"80","author":"Roett","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32552-2","article-title":"Epithelial ovarian cancer","volume":"393","author":"Lheureux","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62146-7","article-title":"Ovarian cancer","volume":"384","author":"Jayson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet (Lond. Engl.)"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saed, G.M., Morris, R.T., and Fletcher, N.M. (2018). New Insights into the Pathogenesis of Ovarian Cancer: Oxidative Stress. Ovarian Cancer\u2014From Pathogenesis to Treatment, Books on Demand.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.73860"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pas.0000180854.28831.77","article-title":"The tubal fimbria is a preferred site for early adenocarcinoma in women with familial ovarian cancer syndrome","volume":"30","author":"Medeiros","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2013.04.019","article-title":"The role of the fallopian tube in the origin of ovarian cancer","volume":"209","author":"Erickson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rojas, V., Hirshfield, K.M., Ganesan, S., and Rodriguez-Rodriguez, L. (2016). Molecular characterization of epithelial ovarian cancer: Implications for diagnosis and treatment. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17122113"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00962-1","article-title":"High grade serous ovarian carcinomas originate in the fallopian tube","volume":"8","author":"Papp","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-15-1382","article-title":"It\u2019s totally tubular\u2026 Riding the new wave of ovarian cancer research","volume":"76","author":"Perets","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.22724","article-title":"Malignant mesothelioma: Facts, myths, and hypotheses","volume":"227","author":"Carbone","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Read, R.W. (2016). Metastasis. Intraocular Inflammation, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-75387-2_150"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgt166","article-title":"Molecular pathogenesis of malignant mesothelioma","volume":"34","author":"Sekido","year":"2013","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.11-3-252","article-title":"Brain Metastases from Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: A Review of the Literature","volume":"11","author":"Pectasides","year":"2006","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Longo, R., Platini, C., Eid, N., Elias-Matta, C., Buda, T., \u2019Nguyen, D., and Qu\u00e9tin, P. (2014). A late, solitary brain metastasis of epithelial ovarian carcinoma. BMC Cancer, 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-14-543"},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"563","article-title":"Cerebral metastasis from ovarian cancer treated with a multidisciplinary approach. Case report and review of literature","volume":"24","author":"Porzio","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gynaecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2012.11.001","article-title":"Clinicopathologic features of brain metastases from gynecologic malignancies: A retrospective study of 139 cases (KCOG-G1001s trial)","volume":"128","author":"Nasu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1177\/107327480301000309","article-title":"Central Nervous System Metastases from Primary Epithelial Ovarian Cancer","volume":"10","author":"Kumar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer Control"},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"35","article-title":"Cerebral metastasis from ovarian carcinoma","volume":"51","author":"Cervoni","year":"1999","journal-title":"Minerva Ginecol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s40944-018-0255-0","article-title":"A Rare Cause of Headache in Common Cancer: Ovarian Carcinoma with Brain Metastasis","volume":"17","author":"Amrith","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J. Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"2793","article-title":"Brain metastases from epithelial ovarian cancer: Overview and optimal management","volume":"29","author":"Pietzner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1097\/IGC.0b013e318216cad0","article-title":"Central nervous system metastases from epithelial ovarian cancer: Prognostic factors and outcome","volume":"21","author":"Cormio","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.9-1-68","article-title":"The Role of Topotecan in the Treatment of Brain Metastases","volume":"9","author":"Wong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.5468\/ogs.2017.60.6.593","article-title":"Skin metastases in ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma: A case report and a review of the literature","volume":"60","author":"Nam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"1582","article-title":"Skin Metastases from Ovarian Carcinoma","volume":"4","author":"Chocteau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7798","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000007798","article-title":"Skin metastases in epithelial ovarian and fallopian tube carcinoma","volume":"96","author":"Otsuka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20165024","article-title":"Ovarian carcinoma presenting as cutaneous nasal metastasis","volume":"91","author":"Alves","year":"2016","journal-title":"An. Bras. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-8258(03)00366-4","article-title":"Inflammatory skin metastases from ovarian carcinoma--a case report and review of the literature","volume":"90","author":"Schonmann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1136\/ijgc-00009577-200602001-00077","article-title":"Skin metastasis in ovarian carcinoma","volume":"16","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/S1726-4901(09)70225-4","article-title":"Umbilicus as the only site of metastasis in recurrent ovarian cancer","volume":"69","author":"Tsai","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Chin. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/S1028-4559(09)60309-0","article-title":"Bone Metastasis as the Initial Presentation in one Case of Ovarian Cancer With Two Components of Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma and Adenosarcoma","volume":"48","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Taiwan. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1482.31969","article-title":"Bone metastasis from ovarian cancer","volume":"3","author":"Tiwari","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-8258(90)90414-G","article-title":"Bone metastasis from gynecologic carcinomas: A clinicopathologic study","volume":"39","author":"Kida","year":"1990","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e016022","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-016022","article-title":"Survival after bone metastasis by primary cancer type: A Danish population-based cohort study","volume":"7","author":"Svensson","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1136\/ijgc-00009577-200602001-00055","article-title":"Rare case of stage IA epithelial ovarian cancer with bone as the first site of recurrent metastasis","volume":"16","author":"Chang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djs263","article-title":"Effects of bone-targeted agents on cancer progression and mortality","volume":"104","author":"Coleman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1177\/1758834011412656","article-title":"Denosumab for the treatment of bone metastases in breast cancer: Evidence and opinion","volume":"3","author":"Steger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Med. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-018-4060-1","article-title":"Denosumab versus bisphosphonates in patients with advanced cancers-related bone metastasis: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"26","author":"Menshawy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The Oncology Committee of the International Federation of Gynaecologists and Obstetricians FIGO news (1987). Changes to the 1985 FIGO report on the result of treatment in gynaecological cancer. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obs., 25, 87\u201388.","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7292(87)90233-5"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2705","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.22.2705","article-title":"Frequency of symptoms of ovarian cancer in women presenting to primary care clinics","volume":"291","author":"Goff","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2002.43.6.783","article-title":"Lymph Node Metastasis in a Gynecologic Malignancy","volume":"43","author":"Kamura","year":"2002","journal-title":"Yonsei Med. J."},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"2012","article-title":"Enlarged Virchow\u2019s node as an initial complaint of serous ovarian adenocarcinoma","volume":"33","author":"Rahman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gynaecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"182","article-title":"Virchow\u2019s node as a first manifestation of ovarian serous carcinoma: Case report","volume":"29","author":"Cebesoy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gynaecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9260(97)80232-2","article-title":"Case report: CT demonstration of supra-diaphragmatic calcified metastatic nodes from ovarian carcinoma","volume":"52","author":"Ferretti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-8258(91)90099-Q","article-title":"Patterns of pelvic and paraaortic lymph node involvement in ovarian cancer","volume":"40","author":"Burghardt","year":"1991","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197710)40:4<1444::AID-CNCR2820400414>3.0.CO;2-I","article-title":"Lymphangiography in patients with ovarian epithelial cancer.An evaluation of 289 consecutive cases","volume":"40","author":"Musumeci","year":"1977","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197803)41:3<919::AID-CNCR2820410320>3.0.CO;2-A","article-title":"Inguinal node metastases","volume":"41","author":"Zaren","year":"1978","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-8090-6-1","article-title":"Isolated cardiophrenic angle node metastasis from ovarian primary. Report of two cases","volume":"6","author":"Ragusa","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1990","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-009-0486-5","article-title":"Pathological diagnosis and cytoreduction of cardiophrenic lymph node and pleural metastasis in ovarian cancer patients using video-assisted thoracic surgery","volume":"16","author":"Lim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.1.27","article-title":"Ovarian cancer metastatic to the breast presenting as inflammatory breast cancer: A case report and literature review","volume":"1","author":"Klein","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1111\/cup.13091","article-title":"Metastatic serous carcinoma presenting as inflammatory carcinoma over the breast-Report of two cases and literature review","volume":"45","author":"Panse","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cutan. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4008","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2016.4514","article-title":"Metastasis of ovarian cancer to the breast: A report of two cases and a review of the literature","volume":"11","author":"Tempfer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"386","article-title":"Unusual presentation of metastatic ovarian carcinoma as an enlarged intramammary lymph node","volume":"28","author":"Mason","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. (Bayl. Univ. Med. Cent)."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-8258(92)90204-V","article-title":"Ovarian dysgerminoma metastatic to the breast","volume":"46","author":"Kattan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1524-4741.2002.08512.x","article-title":"Metastatic \u201cborderline\u201d papillary ovarian tumor in an intramammary lymph node","volume":"8","author":"Moreira","year":"2002","journal-title":"Breast J."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.24807","article-title":"Ovarian metastases from breast cancer","volume":"116","author":"Bigorie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3476143","article-title":"Inflammatory Breast Cancer from Metastatic Ovarian Cancer","volume":"2016","author":"Achariyapota","year":"2016","journal-title":"Case Rep. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2014.1500","article-title":"Splenic metastasis of ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma: A case report and review of the literature","volume":"7","author":"Lv","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.5230\/jgc.2014.14.2.138","article-title":"Gastric metastasis from ovarian cancer presenting as a submucosal tumor: A case report","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gastric Cancer"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0756.2010.01355.x","article-title":"Solitary metastasis of a clear cell ovarian adenocarcinoma to the small bowel mucosa","volume":"37","author":"Nakamura","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, C., Liu, D., Bogani, G., Botha, M.H., and Guo, T. (2019). Hematogenous small intestinal metastasis 8 months after removal of epithelial ovarian cancer. Gynecol. Pelvic Med., 2.","DOI":"10.21037\/gpm.2019.01.01"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1006\/gyno.1999.5383","article-title":"Life-threatening tracheal metastasis complicating ovarian cancer\u2014A case report","volume":"74","author":"Petru","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.4103\/2278-330X.173170","article-title":"Two cases of ovarian carcinoma with endobronchial metastases: Rare presentation","volume":"4","author":"Upadhyay","year":"2015","journal-title":"South Asian J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harrington, A., Mahrer, T., and Chang, D. (2011). A case of ovarian carcinoma with endobronchial metastases. Chest, 140.","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.1117018"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1177\/030089169007600623","article-title":"Endobronchial metastasis of ovarian cancer. A case report","volume":"76","author":"Merimsky","year":"1990","journal-title":"Tumori"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/s10147-007-0749-8","article-title":"Cardiac metastases","volume":"13","author":"Baartman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.40.6.700","article-title":"Obstruction of right ventricular outflow tract by solitary ovarian metastasis","volume":"40","author":"Griffith","year":"1978","journal-title":"Br. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-009-0976-5","article-title":"Malignant pericardial effusion with cardiac tamponade in ovarian adenocarcinoma","volume":"280","author":"Petersen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gynor.2014.06.001","article-title":"The natural history of pericardial tamponade secondary to recurrent ovarian carcinoma\u2014A case report and review of the literature","volume":"10","author":"Feferkorn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.3109\/00016348509155164","article-title":"Pericardial Effusion in Advanced Ovarian Carcinoma a literature review and report of two cases","volume":"64","author":"Lund","year":"1985","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_124","unstructured":"Pavlidis, N., and Pentheroudakis, G. (2007). Metastatic involvement of placenta and foetus in pregnant women with cancer. Cancer and Pregnancy, Springer."}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/11\/8\/1044\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:09:02Z","timestamp":1760188142000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/11\/8\/1044"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,24]]},"references-count":124,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers11081044"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers11081044","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,24]]}}}