{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T02:59:25Z","timestamp":1792292365048,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,25]],"date-time":"2019-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KL2TR001999"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KL2TR001999"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UG1 CA189961"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UG1 CA189961"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K24AG056589"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K24AG056589"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cancer cachexia is a syndrome characterized by weight loss with accompanying loss of muscle and\/or fat mass and leads to impaired patient function and physical performance and is associated with a poor prognosis. It is prevalent in older adults with cancer; age-associated physiologic muscle wasting and weakness, also known as sarcopenia, can compound deficits associated with cancer cachexia in older adults and makes studying this condition more complex in this population. Multiple measurement options are available to assess the older patient with cancer and cachexia and\/or sarcopenia including anthropometric measures, imaging modalities such as Dual X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and Computed Tomography (CT), muscular strength and physical performance testing, and patient-reported outcomes (PROs). A geriatric assessment (GA) is a useful tool when studying the older patient with cachexia given its comprehensive ability to capture aging-sensitive PROs. Interventions focused on nutrition and increasing physical activity may improve outcomes in older adults with cachexia. Efforts to develop targeted pharmacologic therapies with cachexia have not been successful thus far. Formal treatment guidelines, an updated consensus definition for cancer cachexia and the development of a widely adapted assessment tool, much like the GA utilized in geriatric oncology, could help advance the field of cancer cachexia over the next decade.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11121861","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,25]],"date-time":"2019-11-25T11:12:21Z","timestamp":1574680341000},"page":"1861","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":169,"title":["Cachexia and Sarcopenia in Older Adults with Cancer: A Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Richard F.","family":"Dunne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA"},{"name":"University of Rochester NCI Community Oncology Research Program (UR NCORP), Rochester, NY 14642, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6978-0418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kah Poh","family":"Loh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA"},{"name":"University of Rochester NCI Community Oncology Research Program (UR NCORP), Rochester, NY 14642, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4294-5232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grant R.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology\/Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aminah","family":"Jatoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen M.","family":"Mustian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA"},{"name":"University of Rochester NCI Community Oncology Research Program (UR NCORP), Rochester, NY 14642, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Supriya G.","family":"Mohile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA"},{"name":"University of Rochester NCI Community Oncology Research Program (UR NCORP), Rochester, NY 14642, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(10)70218-7","article-title":"Definition and classification of cancer cachexia: An international consensus","volume":"12","author":"Fearon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2010.11.011","article-title":"Identification of serum proteins involved in pancreatic cancer cachexia","volume":"88","author":"Felix","year":"2011","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5802","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-05-0185","article-title":"Role of mononuclear cells and inflammatory cytokines in pancreatic cancer-related cachexia","volume":"11","author":"Martignoni","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.6-2-140","article-title":"Cancer cachexia and fatigue","volume":"6","author":"Stewart","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Med. (Lond.)"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2758","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2008.20.8983","article-title":"Future of cancer incidence in the United States: Burdens upon an aging, changing nation","volume":"27","author":"Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgo.2018.10.009","article-title":"Sarcopenia & aging in cancer","volume":"10","author":"Williams","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geriatr. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgo.2018.08.008","article-title":"Characterizing cancer cachexia in the geriatric oncology population","volume":"10","author":"Dunne","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geriatr. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afy169","article-title":"Sarcopenia: Revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis","volume":"48","author":"Bahat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1007\/s10120-015-0546-4","article-title":"Sarcopenia is associated with severe postoperative complications in elderly gastric cancer patients undergoing gastrectomy","volume":"19","author":"Fukuda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastric Cancer"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-015-4887-3","article-title":"Sarcopenia Adversely Impacts Postoperative Clinical Outcomes Following Gastrectomy in Patients with Gastric Cancer: A Prospective Study","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.24015","article-title":"Sarcopenia is highly prevalent in patients undergoing surgery for gastric cancer but not associated with worse outcomes","volume":"112","author":"Tegels","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2015.0137","article-title":"Geriatric Assessment-Guided Care Processes for Older Adults: A Delphi Consensus of Geriatric Oncology Experts","volume":"13","author":"Mohile","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Natl. Compr. Canc. Netw."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loh, K.P., Dunne, R.F., Friedberg, J.W., and Mohile, S.G. (2019). Integrating Assessment of Sarcopenia into Decision-making for Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation: Ready for Prime Time?. J. Natl. Cancer Inst.","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djy233"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(15)00558-6","article-title":"Anamorelin in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer and cachexia (ROMANA 1 and ROMANA 2): Results from two randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trials","volume":"17","author":"Temel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12201","article-title":"A randomized phase II feasibility trial of a multimodal intervention for the management of cachexia in lung and pancreatic cancer","volume":"8","author":"Solheim","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2011.12.435","article-title":"A randomized phase III clinical trial of a combined treatment for cachexia in patients with gynecological cancers: Evaluating the impact on metabolic and inflammatory profiles and quality of life","volume":"124","author":"Maccio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2009-0153","article-title":"Randomized phase III clinical trial of five different arms of treatment in 332 patients with cancer cachexia","volume":"15","author":"Mantovani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3394","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.05.1847","article-title":"Comparison of orally administered cannabis extract and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in treating patients with cancer-related anorexia-cachexia syndrome: A multicenter, phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial from the Cannabis-In-Cachexia-Study-Group","volume":"24","author":"Strasser","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2008.06.013","article-title":"Cachexia: A new definition","volume":"27","author":"Evans","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607108325076","article-title":"Defining and classifying cancer cachexia: A proposal by the SCRINIO Working Group","volume":"33","author":"Bozzetti","year":"2009","journal-title":"JPEN J. Parenter Enteral Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdu086","article-title":"Validation of the Consensus-Definition for Cancer Cachexia and evaluation of a classification model\u2014A study based on data from an international multicentre project (EPCRC-CSA)","volume":"25","author":"Blum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/61.10.1059","article-title":"The loss of skeletal muscle strength, mass, and quality in older adults: The health, aging and body composition study","volume":"61","author":"Goodpaster","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh058","article-title":"Skeletal muscle cutpoints associated with elevated physical disability risk in older men and women","volume":"159","author":"Janssen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33658","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.16866","article-title":"Skeletal muscle measures and physical function in older adults with cancer: Sarcopenia or myopenia?","volume":"8","author":"Williams","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12206","article-title":"Muscle mass and association to quality of life in non-small cell lung cancer patients","volume":"8","author":"Bye","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/127.5.990S","article-title":"Sarcopenia: Origins and clinical relevance","volume":"127","author":"Rosenberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afq034","article-title":"Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: Report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People","volume":"39","author":"Baeyens","year":"2010","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-9007(98)00171-3","article-title":"The Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) and its use in grading the nutritional state of elderly patients","volume":"15","author":"Vellas","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-009-0214-7","article-title":"Validation of the Mini Nutritional Assessment short-form (MNA-SF): A practical tool for identification of nutritional status","volume":"13","author":"Kaiser","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"994","article-title":"Validity of the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) in Australian hospitalized acutely unwell elderly patients","volume":"26","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgo.2018.01.003","article-title":"Nutritional management of older adults with gastrointestinal cancers: An International Society of Geriatric Oncology (SIOG) review paper","volume":"9","author":"Mislang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geriatr. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1139\/H08-075","article-title":"A practical and precise approach to quantification of body composition in cancer patients using computed tomography images acquired during routine care","volume":"33","author":"Mourtzakis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2000.89.1.104","article-title":"Skeletal muscle attenuation determined by computed tomography is associated with skeletal muscle lipid content","volume":"89","author":"Goodpaster","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol. (1985)"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2012.10.009","article-title":"Validity and reliability of tools to measure muscle mass, strength, and physical performance in community-dwelling older people: A systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Mijnarends","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2010.10.025","article-title":"Hand-held dynamometry correlation with the gold standard isokinetic dynamometry: A systematic review","volume":"3","author":"Stark","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pm. R."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgo.2015.07.007","article-title":"Associations between a patient-reported outcome (PRO) measure of sarcopenia and falls, functional status, and physical performance in older patients with cancer","volume":"6","author":"Gewandter","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geriatr. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1323746","article-title":"Validity of the six-minute walk test in cancer patients","volume":"34","author":"Schmidt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/36.4.680","article-title":"Anthropometric measurement of muscle mass: Revised equations for calculating bone-free arm muscle area","volume":"36","author":"Heymsfield","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1532-5415.2003.51362.x","article-title":"Sarcopenia, calf circumference, and physical function of elderly women: A cross-sectional study","volume":"51","author":"Rolland","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beaudart, C., McCloskey, E., Bruyere, O., Cesari, M., Rolland, Y., Rizzoli, R., Araujo de Carvalho, I., Amuthavalli Thiyagarajan, J., Bautmans, I., and Bertiere, M.C. (2016). Sarcopenia in daily practice: Assessment and management. BMC Geriatr., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-016-0349-4"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00744.2004","article-title":"Total body skeletal muscle and adipose tissue volumes: Estimation from a single abdominal cross-sectional image","volume":"97","author":"Shen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol. (1985)"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.12224","article-title":"Measurement of skeletal muscle radiation attenuation and basis of its biological variation","volume":"210","author":"Aubrey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. (Oxf.)"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2326","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2018.78.8687","article-title":"Practical Assessment and Management of Vulnerabilities in Older Patients Receiving Chemotherapy: ASCO Guideline for Geriatric Oncology","volume":"36","author":"Mohile","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2010.09.010","article-title":"Development of a new patient-reported outcome measure in sarcopenia","volume":"12","author":"Evans","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glq167","article-title":"Predictive value of the Short Physical Performance Battery following hospitalization in older patients","volume":"66","author":"Volpato","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4287","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-12-471680","article-title":"Geriatric assessment predicts survival for older adults receiving induction chemotherapy for acute myelogenous leukemia","volume":"121","author":"Klepin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2018.04.001","article-title":"SARC-F for Screening of Sarcopenia Among Older Adults: A Meta-analysis of Screening Test Accuracy","volume":"19","author":"Ida","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1200\/JOP.18.00180","article-title":"Practical Assessment and Management of Vulnerabilities in Older Patients Receiving Chemotherapy: ASCO Guideline for Geriatric Oncology Summary","volume":"14","author":"Mohile","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Oncol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2595","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2013.54.8347","article-title":"International Society of Geriatric Oncology consensus on geriatric assessment in older patients with cancer","volume":"32","author":"Wildiers","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2016.0146","article-title":"NCCN Guidelines Insights: Older Adult Oncology, Version 2.2016","volume":"14","author":"VanderWalde","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Natl. Compr. Canc. Netw."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2017.7047","article-title":"Community Oncologists\u2019 Decision-Making for Treatment of Older Patients With Cancer","volume":"16","author":"Mohile","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Natl. Compr. Canc. Netw."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2012.45.2722","article-title":"Cancer cachexia in the age of obesity: Skeletal muscle depletion is a powerful prognostic factor, independent of body mass index","volume":"31","author":"Martin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2016.12.003","article-title":"Association between cachexia, chemotherapy and outcomes in older cancer patients: A systematic review","volume":"36","author":"Caillet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000002398","article-title":"Sarcopenia: Prevalence, and Impact on Operative and Oncologic Outcomes in the Multimodal Management of Locally Advanced Esophageal Cancer","volume":"266","author":"Elliott","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000002679","article-title":"Sarcopenia and Postoperative Complication Risk in Gastrointestinal Surgical Oncology: A Meta-analysis","volume":"268","author":"Simonsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4868","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.30950","article-title":"Muscle mass at the time of diagnosis of nonmetastatic colon cancer and early discontinuation of chemotherapy, delays, and dose reductions on adjuvant FOLFOX: The C-SCANS study","volume":"123","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2920","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-08-2242","article-title":"Sarcopenia as a determinant of chemotherapy toxicity and time to tumor progression in metastatic breast cancer patients receiving capecitabine treatment","volume":"15","author":"Prado","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12305","article-title":"The deterioration of muscle mass and radiodensity is prognostic of poor survival in stage I\u2013III colorectal cancer: A population-based cohort study (C-SCANS)","volume":"9","author":"Brown","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2018.0137","article-title":"Association of Muscle and Adiposity Measured by Computed Tomography With Survival in Patients With Nonmetastatic Breast Cancer","volume":"4","author":"Caan","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2015.12.030","article-title":"Prognostic value of sarcopenia in adults with solid tumours: A meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"57","author":"Shachar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000002252","article-title":"Assessment of Sarcopenia as a Predictor of Poor Outcomes After Esophagectomy in Elderly Patients With Esophageal Cancer","volume":"267","author":"Nakashima","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13363","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000013363","article-title":"Sarcopenia is poor prognostic factor in older patients with locally advanced rectal cancer who received preoperative or postoperative chemoradiotherapy","volume":"97","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgo.2017.08.002","article-title":"Frailty and skeletal muscle in older adults with cancer","volume":"9","author":"Williams","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geriatr. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2016.05.040","article-title":"Lower muscle density is associated with major postoperative complications in older patients after surgery for colorectal cancer","volume":"42","author":"Margadant","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2017-0193","article-title":"Higher Muscle Strength Is Associated with Prolonged Survival in Older Patients with Advanced Cancer","volume":"23","author":"Versteeg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2018.08.011","article-title":"Better preoperative physical performance reduces the odds of complication severity and discharge to care facility after abdominal cancer resection in people over the age of 70\u2014A prospective cohort study","volume":"44","author":"Karlsson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1198973","article-title":"Adipose triglyceride lipase contributes to cancer-associated cachexia","volume":"333","author":"Das","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/s13244-015-0414-0","article-title":"Imaging body composition in cancer patients: Visceral obesity, sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity may impact on clinical outcome","volume":"6","author":"Yip","year":"2015","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2009.11.006","article-title":"Loss of adipose tissue and plasma phospholipids: relationship to survival in advanced cancer patients","volume":"29","author":"Murphy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/ejh.12285","article-title":"Prognostic impact of fat tissue loss and cachexia assessed by computed tomography scan in elderly patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated with immunochemotherapy","volume":"93","author":"Camus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2008.02.033","article-title":"Cancer cachexia: Developing multimodal therapy for a multidimensional problem","volume":"44","author":"Fearon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i44","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/cmr063","article-title":"Sarcopenia in the elderly","volume":"29","author":"Morley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fam. Pract."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1159\/000356760","article-title":"Sarcopenia, cachexia and aging: Diagnosis, mechanisms and therapeutic options - a mini-review","volume":"60","author":"Ali","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"38","article-title":"Current nutritional recommendations and novel dietary strategies to manage sarcopenia","volume":"2","author":"Calvani","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Frailty Aging"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2012.209","article-title":"Understanding the mechanisms and treatment options in cancer cachexia","volume":"10","author":"Fearon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.20452\/pamw.510","article-title":"Effects of megestrol acetate in patients with cancer anorexia-cachexia syndrome\u2014A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"118","author":"Lesniak","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pol. Arch. Med. Wewn."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2002.20.2.567","article-title":"Dronabinol versus megestrol acetate versus combination therapy for cancer-associated anorexia: A North Central Cancer Treatment Group study","volume":"20","author":"Jatoi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3299","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1999.17.10.3299","article-title":"Randomized comparison of megestrol acetate versus dexamethasone versus fluoxymesterone for the treatment of cancer anorexia\/cachexia","volume":"17","author":"Loprinzi","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1097\/SPC.0000000000000301","article-title":"Research priorities in cancer cachexia: The University of Rochester Cancer Center NCI Community Oncology Research Program Research Base Symposium on Cancer Cachexia and Sarcopenia","volume":"11","author":"Dunne","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Support Palliat. Care"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cole, C.L., Kleckner, I.R., Jatoi, A., Schwarz, E.M., and Dunne, R.F. (2018). The Role of Systemic Inflammation in Cancer-Associated Muscle Wasting and Rationale for Exercise as a Therapeutic Intervention. JCSM Clin. Rep., 3.","DOI":"10.17987\/jcsm-cr.v3i2.65"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1177\/1559827617725283","article-title":"Understanding the Role of Exercise in Cancer Cachexia Therapy","volume":"13","author":"Hardee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Lifestyle Med."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-011-1169-x","article-title":"Age and androgen-deprivation therapy on exercise outcomes in men with prostate cancer","volume":"20","author":"Alberga","year":"2012","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2009.23.2488","article-title":"Combined resistance and aerobic exercise program reverses muscle loss in men undergoing androgen suppression therapy for prostate cancer without bone metastases: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"28","author":"Galvao","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-016-3900-2","article-title":"Impact of resistance and aerobic exercise on sarcopenia and dynapenia in breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy: A multicenter randomized controlled trial","volume":"158","author":"Adams","year":"2016","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2013.09.041","article-title":"A multicentre year-long randomised controlled trial of exercise training targeting physical functioning in men with prostate cancer previously treated with androgen suppression and radiation from TROG 03.04 RADAR","volume":"65","author":"Galvao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s11764-011-0210-x","article-title":"The effect of resistance training on muscle strength and physical function in older, postmenopausal breast cancer survivors: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"6","author":"Dobek","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cancer Surviv."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2007.15.4963","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of resistance or aerobic exercise in men receiving radiation therapy for prostate cancer","volume":"27","author":"Segal","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181e0c112","article-title":"American College of Sports Medicine roundtable on exercise guidelines for cancer survivors","volume":"42","author":"Schmitz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgo.2018.03.003","article-title":"Exercise for managing cancer- and treatment-related side effects in older adults","volume":"9","author":"Loh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geriatr. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12351","article-title":"Feasibility of early multimodal interventions for elderly patients with advanced pancreatic and non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"10","author":"Naito","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.15930","article-title":"Older Adults with Cancer: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Occupational and Physical Therapy","volume":"67","author":"Pergolotti","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2011.03.008","article-title":"Current and future pharmacologic treatment of sarcopenia","volume":"27","author":"Rolland","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Geriatr. Med."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3109\/0284186X.2012.724536","article-title":"Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory treatment in cancer cachexia: A systematic literature review","volume":"52","author":"Solheim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Oncol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.2217\/fon.13.273","article-title":"Enobosarm (GTx-024, S-22): A potential treatment for cachexia","volume":"10","author":"Srinath","year":"2014","journal-title":"Future Oncol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(14)71154-4","article-title":"Anamorelin for patients with cancer cachexia: An integrated analysis of two phase 2, randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind trials","volume":"16","author":"Garcia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1500447","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics, safety, and endocrine and appetite effects of ghrelin administration in young healthy subjects","volume":"150","author":"Akamizu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e220","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(16)00167-4","article-title":"Cachexia in patients with cancer","volume":"17","author":"Williams","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Advani, S.M., Advani, P.G., VonVille, H.M., and Jafri, S.H. (2018). Pharmacological management of cachexia in adult cancer patients: A systematic review of clinical trials. BMC Cancer, 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-018-5080-4"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.21037\/apm.2018.12.08","article-title":"What are the criteria for response to cachexia treatment?","volume":"8","author":"Crawford","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Palliat. Med."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-011-0027-5","article-title":"The cachexia score (CASCO): A new tool for staging cachectic cancer patients","volume":"2","author":"Argiles","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2341","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-015-2606-z","article-title":"Validation and real-world assessment of the Functional Assessment of Anorexia-Cachexia Therapy (FAACT) scale in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer and the cancer anorexia-cachexia syndrome (CACS)","volume":"23","author":"LeBlanc","year":"2015","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/11\/12\/1861\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:37:20Z","timestamp":1760189840000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/11\/12\/1861"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,25]]},"references-count":101,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers11121861"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers11121861","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,25]]}}}