{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T13:54:33Z","timestamp":1782827673489,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,3]],"date-time":"2019-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Muscle mass and physical function (PF) are common co-primary endpoints in cancer cachexia trials, but there is a lack of data on how these outcomes interact over time. The aim of this secondary analysis of data from a trial investigating multimodal intervention for cancer cachexia (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01419145) is to explore whether changes in muscle mass and PF are associated with weight loss and cachexia status at baseline. Methods: Secondary analysis was conducted using data from a phase II randomized controlled trial including 46 patients with stage III\u2013IV non-small cell lung cancer (n = 26) or inoperable pancreatic cancer (n = 20) due to commence chemotherapy. Cachexia status at baseline was classified according to international consensus. Muscle mass (assessed using computed tomography (CT)) and PF outcomes, i.e., Karnofsky performance status (KPS), self-reported PF (self-PF), handgrip strength (HGS), 6-minute walk test (6MWT), and physical activity (PA), were measured at baseline and after six weeks. Results: When compared according to cachexia status at baseline, patients with no\/pre-cachexia had a mean loss of muscle mass (\u22125.3 cm2, p = 0.020) but no statistically significant change in PF outcomes. Patients with cachexia also lost muscle mass but to a lesser extent (\u22122.8 cm2, p = 0.146), but demonstrated a statistically significant decline in PF; KPS (\u22123.8 points, p = 0.030), self-PF (\u22128.8 points, p = 0.027), and HGS (\u22122.7 kg, p = 0.026). Conclusions: Weight loss history and cachexia status at baseline are of importance if one aims to detect changes in PF outcomes in cancer cachexia trials. To improve the use of co-primary endpoints that include PF in future trials, outcomes that have the potential to detect change relative to weight loss should be investigated further.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11121925","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,4]],"date-time":"2019-12-04T04:30:35Z","timestamp":1575433835000},"page":"1925","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Deterioration in Muscle Mass and Physical Function Differs According to Weight Loss History in Cancer Cachexia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Guro Birgitte","family":"Stene","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU\u2014Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU\u2014Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway"},{"name":"Cancer Clinic, Trondheim University Hospital, 7491 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5715-4268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trude Rakel","family":"Balstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU\u2014Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway"},{"name":"Cancer Clinic, Trondheim University Hospital, 7491 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne Silja M.","family":"Leer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU\u2014Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU\u2014Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4902-0240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asta","family":"Bye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet\u2014Oslo Metropolitan University, 0167 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Regional Advisory Unit for Palliative Care, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, 0167 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stein","family":"Kaasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU\u2014Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway"},{"name":"Cancer Clinic, Trondheim University Hospital, 7491 Trondheim, Norway"},{"name":"European Palliative Care Research Centre (PRC), Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0167 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Fallon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barry","family":"Laird","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU\u2014Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway"},{"name":"Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK"},{"name":"St Columba\u2019s Hospice, Boswall Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0189-0952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew","family":"Maddocks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cicely Saunders Institute of Palliative Care, Policy &amp; Rehabilitation, King\u2019s College London, Bessemer Road, London SE5 9PJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tora S.","family":"Solheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU\u2014Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway"},{"name":"Cancer Clinic, Trondheim University Hospital, 7491 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(10)70218-7","article-title":"Definition and classification of cancer cachexia: An international consensus","volume":"12","author":"Fearon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-017-4022-z","article-title":"A cross-sectional study examining the prevalence of cachexia and areas of unmet need in patients with cancer","volume":"26","author":"Vagnildhaug","year":"2018","journal-title":"Support. 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