{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:35:26Z","timestamp":1787027726943,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]],"date-time":"2019-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201506240116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201506240116"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Swiss Cancer League","award":["F-87701-31-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F-87701-31-01"]}]},{"name":"Swiss National Science Foundation SystemsX","award":["M-87704-01-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M-87704-01-02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Malignant pleural effusion (MPE) is a severe condition of advanced tumors without effective therapy. We used digitalized immunohistochemical and transcriptional approaches to investigate the prognostic influence of immune cells and expression variance of associated immunomodulatory molecules in MPE. Cytology tissue microarrays were constructed from MPE cell blocks of 155 patients with five tumor entities. Immune cells lineage markers were quantified by computational cytopathology on immunohistochemistry. mRNA expression analysis of nine lineage markers and 17 immunomodulators was performed by NanoString. Immunohistochemically quantified high B cells to leukocytes ratio (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.70, p-value = 0.043) and low neutrophils to leukocytes ratio (HR = 1.78, p-value = 0.003) were favorable prognosticators for overall survival independent of tumor entity. Correspondingly, patients with high B cells but low neutrophils gene expression signature showed longer median overall survival of 500 days (HR = 2.29, p-value = 0.009). Regarding targetable molecule expressions, lung adenocarcinomas were characterized by high PD-L1, but mesothelioma by high LAG-3. Ovarian carcinoma was least immunogenic. Independent of tumor entity, the condition of the immune system in MPE liquids is able to provide additional prognostic cytologic information. Combined analysis of lineage specific markers and related immunomodulators may direct immune-based therapeutic decisions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11121953","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]],"date-time":"2019-12-05T11:16:31Z","timestamp":1575544591000},"page":"1953","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Prognostic Immune Cell Profiling of Malignant Pleural Effusion Patients by Computerized Immunohistochemical and Transcriptional Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Chengguang","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabian","family":"Mairinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, D-45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruben","family":"Casanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aashil A.","family":"Batavia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne-Laure","family":"Leblond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Soltermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii32","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2010.136994","article-title":"Management of a malignant pleural effusion: British thoracic society pleural disease guideline 2010","volume":"65","author":"Roberts","year":"2010","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2014-205285","article-title":"Predicting survival in malignant pleural effusion: Development and validation of the lent prognostic score","volume":"69","author":"Clive","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2007.09.014","article-title":"Prognostic significance of pleural fluid data in patients with malignant effusion","volume":"19","author":"Bielsa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. 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