{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T14:10:12Z","timestamp":1791382212591,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,10]],"date-time":"2020-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of radiation treatment has increased for both sporadic and neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2)-associated vestibular schwannoma (VS). However, there are a subset of radioresistant tumors and systemic treatments that are seldom used in these patients. We investigated molecular alterations after radiation in three NF2-associated and five sporadically operated recurrent VS after primary irradiation. We compared these findings with 49 non-irradiated (36 sporadic and 13 NF2-associated) VS through gene-expression profiling and pathway analysis. Furthermore, we stained the key molecules of the distinct pathway by immunohistochemistry. A total of 195 differentially expressed genes in sporadic and NF2-related comparisons showed significant differences based on the criteria of p value &lt; 0.05 and a two-fold change. These genes were involved in pathways that are known to be altered upon irradiation (e.g., mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling). We observed a combined downregulation of PTEN signaling and an upregulation of mTOR signaling in progressive NF2-associated VS after irradiation. Immunostainings with mTOR and PTEN antibodies confirmed the respective molecular alterations. Taken together, mTOR inhibition might be a promising therapeutic strategy in NF2-associated VS progress after irradiation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12010177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,10]],"date-time":"2020-01-10T10:20:29Z","timestamp":1578651629000},"page":"177","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Contribution of mTOR and PTEN to Radioresistance in Sporadic and NF2-Associated Vestibular Schwannomas: A Microarray and Pathway Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Isabel","family":"Gugel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neuro-Oncol., Comprehensive Cancer Center T\u00fcbingen Stuttgart, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital T\u00fcbingen, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"},{"name":"Centre of Neurofibromatosis and Rare Diseases, University Hospital T\u00fcbingen, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Division of Neuro-Oncol., University Hospital T\u00fcbingen, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"},{"name":"Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard Karls University T\u00fcbingen, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian H.","family":"Ebner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Alfried Krupp Hospital, 45131 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Grimm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neuro-Oncol., Comprehensive Cancer Center T\u00fcbingen Stuttgart, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital T\u00fcbingen, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Division of Neuro-Oncol., University Hospital T\u00fcbingen, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Czemmel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quantitative Biology Center (QBiC), University of T\u00fcbingen, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8836-528X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"Paulsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neuro-Oncol., Comprehensive Cancer Center T\u00fcbingen Stuttgart, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Division of Neuro-Oncol., University Hospital T\u00fcbingen, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital T\u00fcbingen, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0518-0824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Hagel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcos","family":"Tatagiba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neuro-Oncol., Comprehensive Cancer Center T\u00fcbingen Stuttgart, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital T\u00fcbingen, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"},{"name":"Centre of Neurofibromatosis and Rare Diseases, University Hospital T\u00fcbingen, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Division of Neuro-Oncol., University Hospital T\u00fcbingen, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"},{"name":"Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard Karls University T\u00fcbingen, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sven","family":"Nahnsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quantitative Biology Center (QBiC), University of T\u00fcbingen, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghazaleh","family":"Tabatabai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neuro-Oncol., Comprehensive Cancer Center T\u00fcbingen Stuttgart, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital T\u00fcbingen, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Division of Neuro-Oncol., University Hospital T\u00fcbingen, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"},{"name":"Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard Karls University T\u00fcbingen, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-199802000-00005","article-title":"Clinical manifestations of mutations in the neurofibromatosis type 2 gene in vestibular schwannomas (acoustic neuromas)","volume":"108","author":"Welling","year":"1998","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-015-1827-9","article-title":"Incidence of vestibular schwannomas in the United States","volume":"124","author":"Kshettry","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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