{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T07:37:53Z","timestamp":1789803473293,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":185,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,13]],"date-time":"2020-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578873600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BX002764"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BX002764"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Breast cancer is a disease of a specific organ, but its effects are felt throughout the body. The systemic effects of breast cancer can lead to functional limitations in patients who suffer from muscle weakness, fatigue, pain, fibromyalgia, or many other dysfunctions, which hasten cancer-associated death. Mechanistic studies have identified quite a few molecular defects in skeletal muscles that are associated with functional limitations in breast cancer. These include circulating cytokines such as TNF-\u03b1, IL-1, IL-6, and TGF-\u03b2 altering the levels or function of myogenic molecules including PAX7, MyoD, and microRNAs through transcriptional regulators such as NF-\u03baB, STAT3, and SMADs. Molecular defects in breast cancer may also include reduced muscle mitochondrial content and increased extracellular matrix deposition leading to energy imbalance and skeletal muscle fibrosis. This review highlights recent evidence that breast cancer-associated molecular defects mechanistically contribute to functional limitations and further provides insights into therapeutic interventions in managing functional limitations, which in turn may help to improve quality of life in breast cancer patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12010194","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,13]],"date-time":"2020-01-13T04:05:51Z","timestamp":1578888351000},"page":"194","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Systemic Actions of Breast Cancer Facilitate Functional Limitations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ruizhong","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harikrishna","family":"Nakshatri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"},{"name":"VA Roudebush Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.4137\/CMO.S40479","article-title":"Monitoring metastasis and cachexia in a patient with breast cancer: A case study","volume":"10","author":"Consul","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Med. Insights Oncol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12475","article-title":"Metastasis and cachexia: Alongside in clinics, but not so in animal models","volume":"10","author":"Tomasin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e429","DOI":"10.3747\/co.24.3696","article-title":"Breast cancer and dermatomyositis: A case study and literature review","volume":"24","author":"Hendren","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"44","article-title":"Breast cancer with dermatomyositis as initial presentation","volume":"73","author":"Khoo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. J. Malays."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djq344","article-title":"Long-term prognostic role of functional limitations among women with breast cancer","volume":"102","author":"Braithwaite","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00442.2010","article-title":"Activity level, apoptosis, and development of cachexia in apc(min\/+) mice","volume":"109","author":"Baltgalvis","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"533","article-title":"Importance of functional and metabolic impairments in the characterization of the c-26 murine model of cancer cachexia","volume":"5","author":"Murphy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dis. Model Mech."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.13-240580","article-title":"Skeletal muscle glycoprotein 130\u2019s role in lewis lung carcinoma-induced cachexia","volume":"28","author":"Puppa","year":"2014","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2013.05.018","article-title":"Cancer cachexia decreases specific force and accelerates fatigue in limb muscle","volume":"435","author":"Roberts","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2016.02.016","article-title":"Skeletal muscle fiber size and fiber type distribution in human cancer: Effects of weight loss and relationship to physical function","volume":"35","author":"Toth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djj130","article-title":"Functional limitations in elderly female cancer survivors","volume":"98","author":"Sweeney","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arnold, M., Jiang, L., Stefanick, M.L., Johnson, K.C., Lane, D.S., LeBlanc, E.S., Prentice, R., Rohan, T.E., Snively, B.M., and Vitolins, M. (2016). Duration of adulthood overweight, obesity, and cancer risk in the women\u2019s health initiative: A longitudinal study from the united states. PLoS Med., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002081"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2747","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-17-0717","article-title":"Pharmacological dual inhibition of tumor and tumor-induced functional limitations in transgenic model of breast cancer","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2000.89.1.81","article-title":"Skeletal muscle mass and distribution in 468 men and women aged 18-88 yr","volume":"89","author":"Janssen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4218","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1000300107","article-title":"Regulation of pi3-kinase\/akt signaling by muscle-enriched microrna-486","volume":"107","author":"Small","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-014-9915-y","article-title":"Skeletal muscle: A brief review of structure and function","volume":"96","author":"Frontera","year":"2015","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12157","article-title":"The role of skeletal-muscle-based thermogenic mechanisms in vertebrate endothermy","volume":"90","author":"Rowland","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1177\/109980040100200304","article-title":"Cancer-induced fatigue and skeletal muscle wasting: The role of exercise","volume":"2","author":"McCarthy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol. Res. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.3109\/15412555.2014.974737","article-title":"Respiratory and limb muscle dysfunction in copd","volume":"12","author":"Barreiro","year":"2015","journal-title":"COPD"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"45","article-title":"Update on duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"15","author":"Siegel","year":"1989","journal-title":"Compr. Ther."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"23","article-title":"Fatigue and the cancer experience: The state of the knowledge","volume":"21","author":"Winningham","year":"1994","journal-title":"Oncol. Nurs. Forum"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/84.3.475","article-title":"The underappreciated role of muscle in health and disease","volume":"84","author":"Wolfe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C744","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00002.2018","article-title":"Skeletal muscle atrophy and dysfunction in breast cancer patients: Role for chemotherapy-derived oxidant stress","volume":"315","author":"Guigni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2018.0137","article-title":"Association of muscle and adiposity measured by computed tomography with survival in patients with nonmetastatic breast cancer","volume":"4","author":"Caan","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2447","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-39120-6","article-title":"Impact of sarcopenia in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer treated with pd-1 inhibitors: A preliminary retrospective study","volume":"9","author":"Shiroyama","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665118000423","article-title":"Clinical implications of low skeletal muscle mass in early-stage breast and colorectal cancer","volume":"77","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3961","article-title":"Excess tgf-beta mediates muscle weakness associated with bone metastases in mice","volume":"21","author":"Waning","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E196","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.2000.279.1.E196","article-title":"Cytokines and endotoxin induce cytokine receptors in skeletal muscle","volume":"279","author":"Zhang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"8","article-title":"Cytokine expression and secretion by skeletal muscle cells: Regulatory mechanisms and exercise effects","volume":"21","author":"Peake","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exerc. Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mco.0000078983.18774.cc","article-title":"Cytokines in the pathogenesis of cancer cachexia","volume":"6","author":"Argiles","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2012.209","article-title":"Understanding the mechanisms and treatment options in cancer cachexia","volume":"10","author":"Fearon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0b013e3283347e77","article-title":"Cancer cachexia","volume":"26","author":"Tisdale","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2017.11.006","article-title":"Tumor-derived cytokines impair myogenesis and alter the skeletal muscle immune microenvironment","volume":"107","author":"Hogan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-200207000-00010","article-title":"Fatigue and proinflammatory cytokine activity in breast cancer survivors","volume":"64","author":"Bower","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.16.1.27","article-title":"Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist: Role in biology","volume":"16","author":"Arend","year":"1998","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0609.1995.tb01618.x","article-title":"Soluble receptors for tumour necrosis factor in clinical laboratory diagnosis","volume":"54","author":"Tilz","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(88)91203-0","article-title":"Neopterin as a marker for activated cell-mediated immunity: Application in hiv infection","volume":"9","author":"Fuchs","year":"1988","journal-title":"Immunol. Today"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4270","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-13-2817","article-title":"Cancer affects microrna expression, release, and function in cardiac and skeletal muscle","volume":"74","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20101059","article-title":"G-csf influences mouse skeletal muscle development and regeneration by stimulating myoblast proliferation","volume":"208","author":"Hara","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ismaeel, A., Kim, J.S., Kirk, J.S., Smith, R.S., Bohannon, W.T., and Koutakis, P. (2019). Role of transforming growth factor-beta in skeletal muscle fibrosis: A review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20102446"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1186\/rr67","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and muscle wasting: A cellular perspective","volume":"2","author":"Reid","year":"2001","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.22232","article-title":"Transforming growth factor-beta induces skeletal muscle atrophy and fibrosis through the induction of atrogin-1 and scleraxis","volume":"45","author":"Mendias","year":"2012","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-017-0344-5","article-title":"The role of tgfbeta in bone-muscle crosstalk","volume":"15","author":"Regan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Osteoporos Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0054-2","article-title":"Metastatic cancers promote cachexia through zip14 upregulation in skeletal muscle","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2018.10.006","article-title":"Orienting muscle stem cells for regeneration in homeostasis, aging, and disease","volume":"23","author":"Feige","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03425-3","article-title":"Basal lamina remodeling at the skeletal muscle stem cell niche mediates stem cell self-renewal","volume":"9","author":"Rayagiri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.114223","article-title":"Intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms regulating satellite cell function","volume":"142","author":"Dumont","year":"2015","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.2016-0107","article-title":"Regeneration of skeletal muscle after eccentric injury","volume":"26","author":"Dueweke","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sport Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1824","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.02908","article-title":"Pax7 and myogenic progression in skeletal muscle satellite cells","volume":"119","author":"Zammit","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4821","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI68523","article-title":"Nf-kappab-mediated pax7 dysregulation in the muscle microenvironment promotes cancer cachexia","volume":"123","author":"He","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16474","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1307680110","article-title":"Pax7 is critical for the normal function of satellite cells in adult skeletal muscle","volume":"110","author":"Jones","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)00066-0","article-title":"Pax7 is required for the specification of myogenic satellite cells","volume":"102","author":"Seale","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2450","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.382806","article-title":"A novel genetic hierarchy functions during hypaxial myogenesis: Pax3 directly activates myf5 in muscle progenitor cells in the limb","volume":"20","author":"Bajard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1671","article-title":"Pax7 activates myogenic genes by recruitment of a histone methyltransferase complex","volume":"10","author":"McKinnell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2017.11.011","article-title":"Function of the myogenic regulatory factors myf5, myod, myogenin and mrf4 in skeletal muscle, satellite cells and regenerative myogenesis","volume":"72","author":"Zammit","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2010.08.013","article-title":"Tnf\/p38alpha\/polycomb signaling to pax7 locus in satellite cells links inflammation to the epigenetic control of muscle regeneration","volume":"7","author":"Palacios","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1202903","article-title":"Requirement of inducible nitric oxide synthase for skeletal muscle regeneration after acute damage","volume":"190","author":"Rigamonti","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-012-8311-8","article-title":"Nitric oxide in myogenesis and therapeutic muscle repair","volume":"46","author":"Clementi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2009.08.002","article-title":"Nitric oxide and repair of skeletal muscle injury","volume":"21","author":"Filippin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2001.81.1.209","article-title":"Physiology of nitric oxide in skeletal muscle","volume":"81","author":"Stamler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000259591.97107.6c","article-title":"Defective mitochondrial biogenesis: A hallmark of the high cardiovascular risk in the metabolic syndrome?","volume":"100","author":"Nisoli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.783","article-title":"Nitric oxide sustains long-term skeletal muscle regeneration by regulating fate of satellite cells via signaling pathways requiring vangl2 and cyclic gmp","volume":"30","author":"Buono","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4400476","article-title":"Emerging roles of caspase-3 in apoptosis","volume":"6","author":"Porter","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1080\/01926230701320337","article-title":"Apoptosis: A review of programmed cell death","volume":"35","author":"Elmore","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2443.1998.00223.x","article-title":"Role of bcl-2 family proteins in apoptosis: Apoptosomes or mitochondria?","volume":"3","author":"Tsujimoto","year":"1998","journal-title":"Genes Cells"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2017.06.190","article-title":"Bcl-2 proteins and apoptosis: Recent insights and unknowns","volume":"500","author":"Edlich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/60.3.302","article-title":"Caspase 3 expression correlates with skeletal muscle apoptosis in duchenne and facioscapulo human muscular dystrophy. A potential target for pharmacological treatment?","volume":"60","author":"Sandri","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11025","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.162172899","article-title":"Caspase 3 activity is required for skeletal muscle differentiation","volume":"99","author":"Fernando","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02307-4","article-title":"Practical device-independent quantum cryptography via entropy accumulation","volume":"9","author":"Dupuis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.142.2.537","article-title":"Bcl-2 expression identifies an early stage of myogenesis and promotes clonal expansion of muscle cells","volume":"142","author":"Dominov","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.13170","article-title":"Noncoding rnas as epigenetic mediators of skeletal muscle regeneration","volume":"282","author":"Sohi","year":"2015","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11248-015-9907-3","article-title":"Transportable data from non-target arthropod field studies for the environmental risk assessment of genetically modified maize expressing an insecticidal double-stranded rna","volume":"25","author":"Ahmad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transgenic Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-016-1443-y","article-title":"Noncoding rnas in the regulation of skeletal muscle biology in health and disease","volume":"94","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2015.10.020","article-title":"Developmental regulation and evolution of muscle-specific micrornas","volume":"47\u201348","author":"Kusakabe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2950","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.925901","article-title":"Tgf-beta inhibits muscle differentiation through functional repression of myogenic transcription factors by smad3","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3838","article-title":"Regulation of microrna biogenesis","volume":"15","author":"Ha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Catalanotto, C., Cogoni, C., and Zardo, G. (2016). Microrna in control of gene expression: An overview of nuclear functions. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17101712"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36572","DOI":"10.1038\/srep36572","article-title":"A comprehensive characterization of the function of lincrnas in transcriptional regulation through long-range chromatin interactions","volume":"6","author":"Cai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncrna.2017.03.003","article-title":"Non-coding rnas in skeletal muscle regeneration","volume":"2","author":"Goncalves","year":"2017","journal-title":"Noncoding RNA Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00383","article-title":"Micrornas in muscle: Characterizing the powerlifter phenotype","volume":"8","author":"Bjornsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2012.10","article-title":"Downregulation of micrornas mir-1, -206 and -29 stabilizes pax3 and ccnd2 expression in rhabdomyosarcoma","volume":"92","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12168","article-title":"Small rnaome profiling from human skeletal muscle: Novel mirnas and their targets associated with cancer cachexia","volume":"8","author":"Narasimhan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e32835ed691","article-title":"Downregulation of microrna-206 is a potent prognostic marker for patients with gastric cancer","volume":"25","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00006.2017","article-title":"Cancer cachexia-induced muscle atrophy: Evidence for alterations in micrornas important for muscle size","volume":"49","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol. Genom."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2013.12.020","article-title":"Gene regulatory networks and transcriptional mechanisms that control myogenesis","volume":"28","author":"Buckingham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2012.174","article-title":"Mir-486 sustains nf-kappab activity by disrupting multiple nf-kappab-negative feedback loops","volume":"23","author":"Song","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.12.003","article-title":"Myostatin signaling regulates akt activity via the regulation of mir-486 expression","volume":"47","author":"Hitachi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2651","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI73579","article-title":"Microrna-486-dependent modulation of dock3\/pten\/akt signaling pathways improves muscular dystrophy-associated symptoms","volume":"124","author":"Alexander","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/62120","article-title":"Il-6, il-8 and tnf-alpha levels correlate with disease stage in breast cancer patients","volume":"26","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200603008","article-title":"Muscle-specific microrna mir-206 promotes muscle differentiation","volume":"174","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2009-0062","article-title":"The role of mir-206 in the epidermal growth factor (egf) induced repression of estrogen receptor-alpha (eralpha) signaling and a luminal phenotype in mcf-7 breast cancer cells","volume":"23","author":"Adams","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200911036","article-title":"Microrna-1 and microrna-206 regulate skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation and differentiation by repressing pax7","volume":"190","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201006025","article-title":"Myod regulates apoptosis of myoblasts through microrna-mediated down-regulation of pax3","volume":"191","author":"Hirai","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200603039","article-title":"Myod inhibits fstl1 and utrn expression by inducing transcription of mir-206","volume":"175","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13805","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.192625","article-title":"Tgf-beta regulates mir-206 and mir-29 to control myogenic differentiation through regulation of hdac4","volume":"286","author":"Winbanks","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rachagani, S., Cheng, Y., and Reecy, J.M. (2010). Myostatin genotype regulates muscle-specific mirna expression in mouse pectoralis muscle. BMC Res. Notes, 3.","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-3-297"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2495","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2009.00898.x","article-title":"Acceleration of muscle regeneration by local injection of muscle-specific micrornas in rat skeletal muscle injury model","volume":"14","author":"Nakasa","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-16-0943","article-title":"Mir-206 inhibits stemness and metastasis of breast cancer by targeting mkl1\/il11 pathway","volume":"23","author":"Samaeekia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-018-0444-9","article-title":"Serum mir-122-5p and mir-206 expression: Non-invasive prognostic biomarkers for renal cell carcinoma","volume":"10","author":"Heinemann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenet."},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"3097","article-title":"Decreased serum microrna-206 level predicts unfavorable prognosis in patients with melanoma","volume":"8","author":"Tian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"4194","article-title":"Serum levels of microrna-133b and microrna-206 expression predict prognosis in patients with osteosarcoma","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-014-0154-x","article-title":"Cachexia: A problem of energetic inefficiency","volume":"5","author":"Argiles","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7153610","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7153610","article-title":"Modulating metabolism to improve cancer-induced muscle wasting","volume":"2018","author":"Penna","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8018197","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8018197","article-title":"Linking cancer cachexia-induced anabolic resistance to skeletal muscle oxidative metabolism","volume":"2017","author":"Hardee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s13395-016-0082-x","article-title":"Muscle-specific loss of bmal1 leads to disrupted tissue glucose metabolism and systemic glucose homeostasis","volume":"6","author":"Harfmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Skelet. Muscle"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00223197","article-title":"Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis during myogenesis of rat l6 cells in vitro","volume":"83","author":"Leskawa","year":"1988","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36265","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M805755200","article-title":"Neu3 sialidase strictly modulates gm3 levels in skeletal myoblasts c2c12 thus favoring their differentiation and protecting them from apoptosis","volume":"283","author":"Anastasia","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms16011066","article-title":"Ca2+-dependent regulations and signaling in skeletal muscle: From electro-mechanical coupling to adaptation","volume":"16","author":"Gehlert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barrey, E., Saint-Auret, G., Bonnamy, B., Damas, D., Boyer, O., and Gidrol, X. (2011). Pre-microrna and mature microrna in human mitochondria. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020220"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-016-0318-z","article-title":"Microrna-206 is involved in survival of hypoxia preconditioned mesenchymal stem cells through targeting pim-1 kinase","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Y., Su, Q., Li, L., Wang, X., Lu, Y., and Liang, J. (2017). Mir-486 regulates cardiomyocyte apoptosis by p53-mediated bcl-2 associated mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-017-0549-7"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S180021","article-title":"Mir-206 inhibits proliferation, migration, and invasion of gastric cancer cells by targeting the muc1 gene","volume":"12","author":"Deng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Onco Targets Ther."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-016-0824-6","article-title":"Microrna-206 inhibited the progression of glioblastoma through bcl-2","volume":"60","author":"Hao","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4195","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.023820","article-title":"The extracellular matrix at a glance","volume":"123","author":"Frantz","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2011.03.015","article-title":"The extracellular matrix dimension of skeletal muscle development","volume":"354","author":"Thorsteinsdottir","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.cellbio.17.1.463","article-title":"How matrix metalloproteinases regulate cell behavior","volume":"17","author":"Sternlicht","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-007-7050-x","article-title":"Hepatocyte growth factor in invasive growth of carcinomas","volume":"64","author":"Desiderio","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2015.07.008","article-title":"Differential roles of mmp-9 in early and late stages of dystrophic muscles in a mouse model of duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"1852","author":"Shiba","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4345","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddr362","article-title":"Elevated levels of active matrix metalloproteinase-9 cause hypertrophy in skeletal muscle of normal and dystrophin-deficient mdx mice","volume":"20","author":"Dahiya","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1159\/000323654","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinase-9 deficiency results in decreased fiber cross-sectional area and alters fiber type distribution in mouse hindlimb skeletal muscle","volume":"194","author":"Mehan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cells Tissues Organs"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-17-0646","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors in cancer therapy: Turning past failures into future successes","volume":"17","author":"Winer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardiores.2005.08.002","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinases regulate migration, proliferation, and death of vascular smooth muscle cells by degrading matrix and non-matrix substrates","volume":"69","author":"Newby","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e83","DOI":"10.1159\/000262316","article-title":"Connective tissue growth factor-(ctgf, ccn2)\u2014A marker, mediator and therapeutic target for renal fibrosis","volume":"114","author":"Phanish","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nephron Exp. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s12079-009-0037-7","article-title":"Connective tissue growth factor (ctgf, ccn2) gene regulation: A potent clinical bio-marker of fibroproliferative disease?","volume":"3","author":"Leask","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cell Commun. Signal."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.4.2271","article-title":"Nf-kappa b as a central mediator in the induction of tgf-beta in monocytes from patients with idiopathic myelofibrosis: An inflammatory response beyond the realm of homeostasis","volume":"165","author":"Rameshwar","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2143(97)90124-4","article-title":"Modulation of collagen gene expression by cytokines: Stimulatory effect of transforming growth factor-beta1, with divergent effects of epidermal growth factor and tumor necrosis factor-alpha on collagen type i and collagen type iv","volume":"130","author":"Grande","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Lab. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4337","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)35666-1","article-title":"Transforming growth factor-beta stimulates the expression of fibronectin and collagen and their incorporation into the extracellular matrix","volume":"261","author":"Ignotz","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1186\/1755-1536-5-S1-S5","article-title":"The myofibroblast, multiple origins for major roles in normal and pathological tissue repair","volume":"5","author":"Micallef","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fibrogenes. Tissue Repair."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3434","article-title":"Tgfbeta signalling in context","volume":"13","author":"Massague","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.03-1273rev","article-title":"Tgf-beta signaling and the fibrotic response","volume":"18","author":"Leask","year":"2004","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.14.2.163","article-title":"Cell surface-localized matrix metalloproteinase-9 proteolytically activates tgf-beta and promotes tumor invasion and angiogenesis","volume":"14","author":"Yu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3220809","article-title":"Degradation of decorin by matrix metalloproteinases: Identification of the cleavage sites, kinetic analyses and transforming growth factor-beta1 release","volume":"322","author":"Imai","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2016.02.009","article-title":"Stat3 in the systemic inflammation of cancer cachexia","volume":"54","author":"Zimmers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guadagnin, E., Mazala, D., and Chen, Y.W. (2018). Stat3 in skeletal muscle function and disorders. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19082265"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonetto, A., Aydogdu, T., Kunzevitzky, N., Guttridge, D.C., Khuri, S., Koniaris, L.G., and Zimmers, T.A. (2011). Stat3 activation in skeletal muscle links muscle wasting and the acute phase response in cancer cachexia. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0022538"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E410","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00039.2012","article-title":"Jak\/stat3 pathway inhibition blocks skeletal muscle wasting downstream of il-6 and in experimental cancer cachexia","volume":"303","author":"Bonetto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201607052","article-title":"Stat3 promotes ifngamma\/tnfalpha-induced muscle wasting in an nf-kappab-dependent and il-6-independent manner","volume":"9","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3655","article-title":"Inhibition of jak-stat signaling stimulates adult satellite cell function","volume":"20","author":"Price","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3656","article-title":"Stat3 signaling controls satellite cell expansion and skeletal muscle repair","volume":"20","author":"Tierney","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09746-1","article-title":"The stat3-fam3a axis promotes muscle stem cell myogenic lineage progression by inducing mitochondrial respiration","volume":"10","author":"Sala","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6521218","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6521218","article-title":"Phosphocreatine improves cardiac dysfunction by normalizing mitochondrial respiratory function through jak2\/stat3 signaling pathway in vivo and in vitro","volume":"2019","author":"Qaed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6890","DOI":"10.2174\/138161281939131127115940","article-title":"The stat3 inhibitor stattic impairs cardiomyocyte mitochondrial function through increased reactive oxygen species formation","volume":"19","author":"Boengler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2016.6782","article-title":"Redox control of skeletal muscle regeneration","volume":"27","author":"Pialoux","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox. Signal"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c100054","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species: Impact on skeletal muscle","volume":"1","author":"Powers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982794","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/982794","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species in skeletal muscle signaling","volume":"2012","author":"Barbieri","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Signal Transduct."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2010.12.008","article-title":"Mitochondrial DNA copy number is modulated by genetic variation in the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (stat3)","volume":"60","author":"Gianotti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1080\/1042819022386716","article-title":"Role of the leukemia-associated transcription factor stat3 in platelet physiology","volume":"43","author":"Vassilev","year":"2002","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23532","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C110.152652","article-title":"Stoichiometry of stat3 and mitochondrial proteins: Implications for the regulation of oxidative phosphorylation by protein-protein interactions","volume":"285","author":"Phillips","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1164551","article-title":"Function of mitochondrial stat3 in cellular respiration","volume":"323","author":"Wegrzyn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1171721","article-title":"Mitochondrial stat3 supports ras-dependent oncogenic transformation","volume":"324","author":"Gough","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-010-0124-1","article-title":"Inhibition of permeability transition pore opening by mitochondrial stat3 and its role in myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion","volume":"105","author":"Boengler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Basic Res. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4294","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.9.21.13677","article-title":"Could stat3 provide a link between respiration and cell cycle progression?","volume":"9","author":"Shaw","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI30556","article-title":"Interplay of ikk\/nf-kappab signaling in macrophages and myofibers promotes muscle degeneration in duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"117","author":"Acharyya","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2363","DOI":"10.1126\/science.289.5488.2363","article-title":"Nf-kappab-induced loss of myod messenger rna: Possible role in muscle decay and cachexia [see comments]","volume":"289","author":"Guttridge","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2004.09.027","article-title":"Ikkbeta\/nf-kappab activation causes severe muscle wasting in mice","volume":"119","author":"Cai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2945","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI28721","article-title":"Targeted ablation of ikk2 improves skeletal muscle strength, maintains mass, and promotes regeneration","volume":"116","author":"Mourkioti","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-008-0308-4","article-title":"Nf-kappab signaling in skeletal muscle: Prospects for intervention in muscle diseases","volume":"86","author":"Mourkioti","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-008-0373-8","article-title":"Nuclear factor-kappa b signaling in skeletal muscle atrophy","volume":"86","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10327","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M511131200","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis inhibits skeletal myogenesis through sustained activation of nuclear factor-kappab and degradation of myod protein","volume":"281","author":"Dogra","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-199508000-00007","article-title":"Elevated plasma transforming growth factor-beta 1 levels in breast cancer patients decrease after surgical removal of the tumor","volume":"222","author":"Kong","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3537","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.7.3537","article-title":"Differential regulation of ikappab kinase alpha and beta by two upstream kinases, nf-kappab-inducing kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase\/erk kinase kinase-1","volume":"95","author":"Nakano","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8355","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.13.8355","article-title":"Mitogen-activated protein kinase\/erk kinase kinases 2 and 3 activate nuclear factor-kappab through ikappab kinase-alpha and ikappab kinase-beta","volume":"274","author":"Zhao","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1038\/18465","article-title":"The kinase tak1 can activate the nik-i kappab as well as the map kinase cascade in the il-1 signalling pathway","volume":"398","author":"Kishimoto","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1038\/35085597","article-title":"Tak1 is a ubiquitin-dependent kinase of mkk and ikk","volume":"412","author":"Wang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.22953","article-title":"Role of endogenous tgf-beta family in myogenic differentiation of c2c12 cells","volume":"112","author":"Furutani","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4374","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.02020-06","article-title":"Nf-kappab regulation of yy1 inhibits skeletal myogenesis through transcriptional silencing of myofibrillar genes","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1065874","article-title":"Identification of ubiquitin ligases required for skeletal muscle atrophy","volume":"294","author":"Bodine","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mt.6300182","article-title":"Antagonism of myostatin enhances muscle regeneration during sarcopenia","volume":"15","author":"Siriett","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.01009-10","article-title":"Mir-206 and -486 induce myoblast differentiation by downregulating pax7","volume":"31","author":"Dey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5878","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-13718","article-title":"Nf-kappab-mediated nitric oxide production and activation of caspase-3 cause retinal ganglion cell death in the hypoxic neonatal retina","volume":"55","author":"Rathnasamy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2016.10.031","article-title":"Hpv16 induces a wasting syndrome in transgenic mice: Amelioration by dietary polyphenols via nf-kappab inhibition","volume":"169","author":"Aragao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-013-1412-6","article-title":"Mg132-mediated inhibition of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway ameliorates cancer cachexia","volume":"139","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_173","first-page":"1239","article-title":"The ap-1\/nf-kappab double inhibitor sp100030 can revert muscle wasting during experimental cancer cachexia","volume":"30","author":"Busquets","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2920","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-08-2242","article-title":"Sarcopenia as a determinant of chemotherapy toxicity and time to tumor progression in metastatic breast cancer patients receiving capecitabine treatment","volume":"15","author":"Prado","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_175","first-page":"410","article-title":"Obese breast cancer patients and survivors: Management considerations","volume":"32","author":"Sheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncology"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.201696206","article-title":"Adipose tissue: Between the extremes","volume":"36","author":"Vegiopoulos","year":"2017","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baraldo, M., Geremia, A., Pirazzini, M., Nogara, L., Solagna, F., Turk, C., Nolte, H., Romanello, V., Megighian, A., and Boncompagni, S. (2019). Skeletal muscle mtorc1 regulates neuromuscular junction stability. J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle.","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12496"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2018.0165","article-title":"Fabricating muscle-neuron constructs with improved contractile force generation","volume":"25","author":"Arifuzzaman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part A"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-017-0345-5","article-title":"Gut microbiota contribute to age-related changes in skeletal muscle size, composition, and function: Biological basis for a gut-muscle axis","volume":"102","author":"Grosicki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_180","first-page":"84","article-title":"Exercise and immune system as modulators of intestinal microbiome: Implications for the gut-muscle axis hypothesis","volume":"25","author":"Ticinesi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exerc. Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaan5662","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aan5662","article-title":"The gut microbiota influences skeletal muscle mass and function in mice","volume":"11","author":"Lahiri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10393","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1732912100","article-title":"Breast cancer classification and prognosis based on gene expression profiles from a population-based study","volume":"100","author":"Sotiriou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.4103\/2231-4040.72251","article-title":"Various types and management of breast cancer: An overview","volume":"1","author":"Sharma","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Adv. Pharm. Technol. Res."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Advani, S.M., Advani, P.G., VonVille, H.M., and Jafri, S.H. (2018). Pharmacological management of cachexia in adult cancer patients: A systematic review of clinical trials. BMC Cancer, 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-018-5080-4"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00041","article-title":"The skeletal muscle as an active player against cancer cachexia","volume":"10","author":"Penna","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/12\/1\/194\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T14:33:02Z","timestamp":1760365982000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/12\/1\/194"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,13]]},"references-count":185,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers12010194"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers12010194","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,13]]}}}